Open Source Software

VI B.Tech I Sem A&B OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

UNIT IV

OPEN SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

OPEN SOURCE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Which programming languages are released under open-source licenses thus languages are called as “Open Source Programming Languages”.

List of open-source programming languages

This is a selected list of open-source programming languages and implementations. Open-source programming languages are those that are released under open-source licenses.

UNIT – IV 1

VI B.Tech I Sem A&B OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Title / Language / Implementation license
GNAT / Ada / GPL
ALGOL 68G / ALGOL 68 / GPL
ELLA ALGOL 68 / ALGOL 68 / Public Domain – Crown Copyright
BWK awk / AWK / Custom
gawk / AWK / GPL v.3
mawk / AWK / GPL v.2
GCC / C/C++/Objective-C/ASM/Go / GPL
Clang/LLVM / C/C++/Objective-C / NCSA license
Mono / C#, Visual Basic .NET / GPLv2/MIT X11 License/LGPLv2/MIT License
Candle / Candle / Mozilla Public License
Erlang / Erlang / ER Public License
Gforth / Forth / GPL v.3
Open Firmware / Forth / BSD License
Pforth / Forth / Public Domain
Harbour / Harbour / GPL
Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) / Haskell / BSD License
Haskell User's Gofer System / Haskell / BSD License
nhc98 / Haskell / GPL v2
Helium / Haskell / GPL
Icon / Icon / Public Domain
IcedTea / Java / GNU General Public License
WebKit JavaScriptCore / JavaScript / GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1
SpiderMonkey / JavaScript / MPL/GPL/LGPL
V8 / JavaScript / BSD license
Emacs Lisp / Lisp / GPL v.3
EGL / EGL / EPL
Lua / Lua / MIT License
Obix / Obix / AGPL
Perl / Perl / Artistic License or GPL
PHP / PHP / PHP License (BSD style)
Pike / Pike / GPL/LGPL/MPL
Free Poplog / POP-11, Common Lisp, Prolog, Standard ML / Custom based on MIT/XFree86
GNU Prolog / Prolog / GPL v.2
SWI-Prolog / Prolog / LGPL
Opa / Opa / Affero GPL
Python / Python / PSF License (GPL Compatible)
Jython / Python / PSF License (GPL Compatible)
IronPython / Python / Microsoft Public License
PyPy / Python / MIT License
Regina / REXX / LGPL
Ruby MRI / Ruby / Ruby License or GPL
YARV / Ruby / Ruby License or BSD License
JRuby / Ruby / CPL/GPL/LGPL
IronRuby / Ruby / Microsoft Public License
Ruby.NET / Ruby / New BSD
Rubinius / Ruby / BSD License
Mac Ruby / Ruby / Ruby License
XRuby / Ruby / GPL v2
Bigloo / Scheme / GPL, LGPL
Chicken / Scheme / BSD License
Gambit / Scheme / LGPL/Apache License
Guile / Scheme / LGPL
JScheme / Scheme / zlib
BiwaScheme / Scheme / MIT License
Kawa / Scheme / MIT License
Racket / Scheme / LGPL
Scsh / Scheme / BSD License
GNU Smalltalk / Smalltalk / GPL v2
Pharo / Smalltalk / MIT License
Squeak / Smalltalk / Apple Public Source License/Apache License (OLTPC)
CSNOBOL4 / SNOBOL4 / Custom
Tcl/Tk / Tcl/Tk / Tcl/Tk License
MINT / TRAC / GPL
ash / Unix Shell / BSD License
bash / Unix Shell / GPL v.3
ksh93 / Unix Shell / CPL
Clojure / Clojure / Eclipse Public License
ClojureCLR / Clojure / Eclipse Public License
Clojure-Py / Clojure / Eclipse Public License
ClojureScript / Clojure / Eclipse Public License
Scala / Scala / BSD License
F# / F# / Apache License
TypeScript / TypeScript / Apache License
Gc / Go / BSD-style
Rust / Rust / MIT License
Vala / Vala / LGPL
Dart / Dart / BSD License

UNIT – IV 1

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers.[2] Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group.[3] While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a recursive acronym.[4]

PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.[5]

PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP.[6] PHP can be deployed on most web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.

History

PHP development began in 1994 when the developer Rasmus Lerdorf wrote a series of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Perl scripts, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. The tools performed tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording his web traffic.[3][8][9] He rewrote these scripts in C for performance reasons, extending them to add the ability to work with web forms and to communicate with databases and called this implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI. PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications. Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" publicly to accelerate bug location and improve the code, on the comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Usenet discussion group on June 8, 1995.[10][11] This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has today. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax was similar to Perl but was more limited and simpler, although less consistent.[3] A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997.

Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.[3] Afterward, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999.[12] They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.[3]

On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.[3] As of August 2008 this branch is up to version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released.[13][14]

On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.[3] PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements.[15] In 2008 PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding had been missing from PHP and was added in version 5.3.[16][17]

A new major version has been under development alongside PHP 5 for several years. This version was originally planned to be released as PHP 6 as a result of its significant changes, which included plans for full Unicode support. However, Unicode support took developers much longer to implement than originally thought, and the decision was made in March 2010[18] to move the project to a branch, with features still under development moved to trunk.

Changes in the new code include the removal of register_globals,[19] magic quotes, and safe mode.[13][20] The reason for the removals was that register_globals had opened security holes by intentionally allowing runtime data injection, and the use of magic quotes had an unpredictable nature. Instead, to escape characters, magic quotes may be replaced with the addslashes() function, or more appropriately an escape mechanism specific to the database vendor itself like mysql_real_escape_string() for MySQL. Functions that will be removed in future versions and have been deprecated in PHP 5.3 will produce a warning if used.[21]

Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5, 2008, because of the GoPHP5 initiative,[22] provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.[23][24]

PHP interpreters are available on both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems, but on Microsoft Windows the only official distribution is a 32-bit implementation, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. Experimental 64-bit versions of PHP 5.3.0 were briefly available for Microsoft Windows, but have since been removed.

Implementations

The PHP language was originally implemented as an interpreter, and this is still the most popular implementation. Several compilers have been developed which decouple the PHP language from the interpreter. Advantages of compilation include better execution speed, static analysis, and improved interoperability with code written in other languages.[81] PHP compilers of note include Phalanger, which compiles PHP into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode, and HipHop, developed at Facebook and now available as open source, which transforms the PHP Script into C++, then compiles it, reducing server load up to 50% .

PHP source code is compiled on-the-fly to an internal format that can be executed by the PHP engine.[82][83] In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed , PHP scripts can also be deployed in executable format using a PHP compiler.

Code optimizers aim to enhance the performance of the compiled code by reducing its size , merging redundant instructions and making other changes that can reduce the execution time. With PHP, there are often opportunities for code optimization.[84] An example of a code optimizer is the eAccelerator PHP extension.

Another approach for reducing compilation overhead for PHP servers is using an opcode cache. Opcode caches work by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An opcode cache, APC, is planned to be built into an upcoming release of PHP (but not 5.4 [85] as previously planned [86]).

Opcode caching and code optimization can be combined for best efficiency, as the modifications do not depend on each other (they happen in distinct stages of the compilation).

Licensing

PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which insists that:[87]

Products derived from this software may not be called "PHP", nor may "PHP" appear in their name, without prior written permission from . You may indicate that your software works in conjunction with PHP by saying "Foo for PHP" instead of calling it "PHP Foo" or "phpfoo".

This restriction on use of the name PHP makes it incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Development and community

PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a fundamentally Internet-aware system with modules built in for accessing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, many database servers, embedded SQL libraries such as embedded PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite, LDAP servers, and others. Many functions familiar to C programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build.[89]

PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. These can then be compiled into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Other features include integration with IRC, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, and even speech synthesis. The language's core functions such as those dealing with strings and arrays are also implemented as an extension.[90] The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.[91] PDO - (PHP Data Objects) is an interface for accessing databases.[92] [93][94][95][96][97][98]

Zend Technologies provides a certification exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers.

Use

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web development where PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere.[100] It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side graphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems (RDBMS). Most web hosting providers support PHP for use by their clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.[7]

PHP acts primarily as a filter,[101] taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and outputting another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.[102]

Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side scripting,[103] and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages,[104] and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many software frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Yii Framework, and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks.

The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar packages are also available for Windows and OS X, then called WAMP and MAMP, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the Mac OS X base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be more easily kept up to date.