Q.Reproductive System

MD17.01Describe the structure of the male reproductive system.

  1. Testes
  2. Found in scrotum
  3. Size of small egg
  4. Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled seminiferous tubules
  5. Epididymis
  6. Collection of tubes above the testes
  7. Connect the testes with the vas deferens
  8. Vas Deferens
  9. Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
  10. Seminal vesicles connect to vas deferens
  11. Ejaculatory duct connects vas deferens with urethra
  12. Scrotum – sac of skin that contains testes
  13. Penis
  14. Contains erectile tissue
  15. End covered by foreskin – loose fitting skin
  16. Prostate Gland
  17. Surrounds beginning of urethra
  18. Size and shape of chestnut
  19. Bulbourethral glands – located on either size of prostate below prostate

MD17.02Analyze the function of the male reproductive system.

  1. Testes
  2. Produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
  3. Produce male sex hormone – testosterone
  4. Inside, each lobule contains coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm develop
  5. In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen and during the last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
  6. Epididymis – where sperm are stored
  7. Vas Deferens – serves as a passageway for sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
  8. Scrotum – serves as container for testes
  9. Penis
  10. Contains erectile tissue
  11. Organ of copulation
  12. Tip of penis covered with foreskin, which is often removed during circumcision
  13. Prostate Gland – secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility and adds fluid to semen
  14. Bulbourethral glands – add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer
  15. Erection and ejaculation
  16. Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen
  17. Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
  18. Ejaculation expels semen
  19. Impotence – unable to copulate (hold an erection)
  20. Infertility – lack of conception due to fallopian tube damage, low sperm count, hormone imbalance, and other disorders

MD17.03Describe the structure of the female reproductive system.

  1. Ovaries
  2. In lower part of abdominal cavity
  3. About the size of an almond
  4. Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs
  5. Fallopian tubes
  1. 4” long – not attached to ovaries
  2. Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into uterus
  1. Uterus
  1. Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ
  2. Lies behind urinary bladder and in front of rectum
  3. Fundus – bulging upper part of the uterus
  4. Cervix – narrow neck of uterus that extends into vagina
  5. Uterine wall
  6. Outside thick muscular layer is myometrium
  7. Inside mucous lining is endometrium
  1. Vagina – smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining
  2. External genitalia
  1. Vulva – external organs of reproduction
  2. Labia – folds of skin that surround the entrance to the vagina
  3. Perineum – area between vagina and rectum
  1. Accessory organs
  1. Breasts (mammary glands)
  2. Areola – darkened area that surrounds the nipple

MD17.04Analyze the function of the female reproductive system.

  1. Ovaries
  1. Primary sex organs of the female
  2. Produce ova (female gamete) and manufacture female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
  3. During the reproductive years, a single follicle in the ovary matures every 28 days with an ovum inside
  4. Reproductive ability begins with menarche (first menstrual cycle) during puberty

B.Ovulation

  1. Mature ovum is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before menstrual period begins
  2. After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube
  3. Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube, usually within two days of ovulation
  4. Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus
  5. Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH
  6. Fallopian tubes – smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into uterus
  7. Menstrual cycle
  1. Occurs every 28 days, divided into 4 stages
  2. Follicle stage – FSH from pituitary  ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature  releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days
  3. Ovulation stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum released
  4. Corpus luteum stage – Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days
  5. Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves  progesterone  and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days
  6. Menopause
  7. When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
  8. Approximately age 50
  9. Symptoms include hot flashes, dizziness, headaches and emotional changes
  10. Conception and pregnancy
  1. Gametes are produced by gonads
  2. Female gonad = ovary
  3. Female gamete = ovum (ova)
  4. Male gonad = testes
  5. Male gamete = sperm
  6. Chromosomes
  7. Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX
  8. Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes - XY
  9. Fertilization – when games combine to form a zygote (fertilized egg cell)
  10. One sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
  11. Zygote has 46 chromosomes
  12. Zygote cells divide and multiply as it travels down fallopian tube and implants in uterus
  13. At 7 days, zygote becomes an embryo
  14. At 3 months it becomes a fetus
  15. Pregnancy
  16. Gestation = prenatal period or pregnancy
  17. Normal pregnancy = 40 weeks or 280 days or 3 months
  18. Quickening – first recognizable movement of fetus in 4th – 5th month
  19. Miscarriage – spontaneous abortion

MD17.05Analyze characteristics and treatment of common

reproductive disorders.

  1. Reproductive procedures
  2. Artificial insemination – semen placed into vaginal canal, usually around time of ovulation.
  3. In-vitro fertilization – ova fertilized with sperm in laboratory, zygote transferred to uterus
  4. Laparoscopy – tube inserted though small incision in abdominal wall
  5. Hysterectomy – surgical removal of uterus
  6. Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast
  7. Mammogram – breast x-ray to detect tumors, usually recommended for women over age 40
  8. Vasectomy – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens
  9. Cryptorchidism – undescended testicle, may require surgical correction
  10. Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin
  11. Male reproductive disorders
  12. Epididymitis
  13. Painful swelling in groin and scrotum due to infection in epididymis
  14. Rx - antibiotics
  15. Orchitis
  16. Inflammation of testes
  17. May be complication of mumps, flu or other infection
  18. Symps – swelling of scrotum, fever and pain
  19. Rx – antibiotics, analgesics, cold compresses
  20. Prostatitis
  21. Infection of prostate
  22. First symptom – difficult urination
  23. Rx - antibiotics
  24. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
  25. Enlarged prostate
  26. Common in men over age 60
  27. Prostate enlarges and clamps down on urethra
  28. Symps – Urinary frequency
  29. Rx – prostatectomy, sometimes laser surgery or no Rx
  30. Prostate cancer
  31. Most common cancer in men over 50
  32. Can be detected by blood test
  33. Symps – frequency, dysuria, urgency, nocturia, and sometimes hematuria
  34. Rx - prostatectomy
  35. Female reproductive disorders
  36. Amenorrhea
  37. Absence of menstruation
  38. Caused by hormonal imbalance, other disorders and pregnancy
  39. Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)
  40. Irritability, nervousness, mood swings and fluid retention prior to menstrual period
  41. Rx – medication and diet
  42. Dysmenorrhea
  43. Painful menstruation
  44. Cramping may be caused by release of prostaglandins
  45. Rx - medication
  46. Mastitis – infection in breast
  47. Ectopic pregnancy – egg implants in fallopian tube instead of uterus, surgical removal required
  48. Endometriosis
  49. Endometrial tissue outside of uterus and abnormal patches in uterus
  50. Results in internal bleeding, formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrheal, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding
  51. Cause - unknown
  52. Breast cancer
  53. Most common cancer in women
  54. Early detection and treatment vital – breast self exam (BSE) should be done monthly
  55. Rx – mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
  56. Cervical cancer
  57. Detected by Pap (Papanicolaou) Smear – sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study
  58. Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
  59. Toxic shock syndrome
  60. Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
  61. Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
  62. Cause – use of tampons
  63. Rx - antibiotics
  64. Vaginal yeast infections
  65. Caused by candida albicans
  66. Symps – itching and burning
  67. Rx – antifungal medication
  68. Sexually transmitted diseases
  69. STDs or venereal disease
  70. Transmitted via body fluids
  71. Can be serious, painful, and cause long-term complications, including death
  72. Some STDs have no symptoms
  73. Female symptoms – discharge, pelvic pain, burning or itching, unusual bleeding
  74. Male symptoms – discharge from penis
  75. Both gender symptoms – sores or blisters, burning and pain during urination, flu-like symptoms, swelling in groin
  76. Prevention = abstinence, condoms provide some protection
  77. Once a person is diagnosed, all current and past sexual partners must be notified and treated
  78. Gonorrhea
  79. Bacterial infection
  80. Males have painful urination and discharge, females have no symptoms
  81. Rx – antibiotics
  82. Untreated can lead to sterility
  83. Genital herpes
  84. Caused by a virus
  85. Small blisters on genitalia
  86. Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual
  87. Females may need a C-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth
  88. Syphilis
  89. Bacterial
  90. First stage – chancre sore at site of infection
  91. In final stage (10-40 years after infection) liver damage, heart disease, brain damage, paralysis and death
  92. Rx - penicillin
  93. Contraception – methods of preventing pregnancy
  94. Male sterilization – vasectomy
  95. Female sterilization – tubal ligation