Name:______Date:____Period:____
Plants with Seeds – The most numerous land plants on earth.
I. Seed plants
A. Vascular tissue
1. xylem - carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
(up only)
- thick cell walls support the plant
2. phloem - carries food from the leaves to the roots (up and down)
B. True Roots
1. Roots – functions
a. anchor the plant to the ground
b. absorb water and minerals from the soil
c. store the plant’s food
2. Two types of roots
a. fibrous - several main roots
examples – trees, grass, corn
b. tap - long, thick, main root
examples – carrots, cacti, dandelions
3. Root structure –
a. epidermis - outer layer
b. root hairs increase surface area
c. cortex - stores food, carries water/minerals to the center
of the root
d. root cap - protects the root tip as it grows
4. Root uses
a. food, medicines, dye, insecticides
C. Stems –
1. transport water/minerals, and food between the roots and leaves
2. support
3. two types
a. herbaceous - green and soft
b. wood - rigid and strong – made of xylem
4. Stem structure –
a. bark - protects the stem, outer most part of the stem
b. phloem - carries the food
c. vascular cambium - growth region of the stem, produced the
xylem and phloem tubes
d. xylem - carries water/minerals
e. pith - stores food/water
f. rings – formed by xylem during different growing seasons
- spring – large with thin walls – light brown
- summer – small with thick walls – dark brown
5. Uses – lumber, food, medicine, furniture, linen (flax), dyes
D. Leaves - where photosynthesis occurs.
1. Two types
a. simple - one piece leaf
examples: oak, elm, maple, dogwood
b. compound - blade separated into many parts
examples: roses, clover, palms
2. Photosynthesis – using light energy to make food (sugars)
The equation for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H2O ------à C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Leaf structure –
a. cuticle - waxy coat on the leaf, prevents water loss
b. epidermis - outer most cells of the leaf
c. mesophyll - “middle leaf” where photosynthesis occurs
d. stomata (stoma) - “mouth” openings that allow oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and water vapor to pass
4. Transpiration - process where water is lost through the leaf to
the air, and more water is pulled in through the roots, up the stem, to the
leaves.
a. capillary action – the pulling of water through small tubes,
makes use of surface tension and the polarity of water.
5. Guard cells – surround the stomata
a. open to allow the passing of gases
b. close to prevent the passing of gases
c. the guard cells are usually open during the day/night?
(circle one)
6. Uses – food, drugs/medicines, poisons, dyes…
1. Stamen
2. Anther
3. Filament
4. Ovary
5. Ovule
6. Egg
7. Petal
8. Pedicel
9. Pistil
10.(female) – Pistillate flower
11.(male and female) – Perfect flower
12.(male) – Staminate flower
13. Cuticle (waterproofing)
14. Palisades Mesophyll
15. Spongy Mesophyll
16. Stoma (Mouth) – CO2, O2 , H2O
17. Guard Cells
18. Phloem
Xylem
19. Root Cap
20. Growth Tissue
21. Root Hair
22. Pith
23. Xylem - heartwood
24. Xylem – sap
25. Vascular Cambium
26. Phloem
27. Bark
28. Embryo
29. Seed Coat
30. Endosperm (stored food)