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Name: ______Period: ______Date: ______

Mutations and Their Effects on Proteins

WHY?

1.  What are proteins? ______

2.  What carries the instructions for making proteins? ______

3.  What would happen to a protein if the instructions are altered or changed? ______

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4.  What are mutations? ______

5.  What are point mutations? ______

6.  What is a genetic disorder? ______

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7.  Genetic disorders arise in what kind of cells? ______

8.  How many nucleotides are found in the mRNA sequence in Model 1? ______

9.  How many codons make up the mRNA sequence in Model 1? ______

10. In your own words and in a complete sentence, define the word codon. ______

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11. How many amino acids are in the amino acid sequence produced in Model 1? ______

12. How many nucleotides are needed to specify 10 amino acids? ______How many codons are needed to specify 10 amino acids? ______

13. What is the purpose of the UAA codon? ______

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14. What is a base-pair substitution? ______

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15. Why are base-pair substitutions called point mutations? ______

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16. Which type of molecule undergoes mutations, DNA or RNA? Explain. ______

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17. How many nucleotides were changed in Model 2? _____ How many codons were changed in Model 2? ______

18. Compare the amino acid chain that is produced in Model 2 to the amino acid chain that is produced in Model 1. Did this mutation change any of the amino acids? Explain. ______

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19. What type of mutation was produced in Model 2? Explain. ______

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20. What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutations? ______

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21. What is a silent mutation? ______

22. Which type of base-pair substitution seems to be the least harmful? Explain. ______

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23. Compare the amino acid sequence produced in Model 3 to Model 1. Did the amino acid sequence change? Explain. ______

24. What type of mutation was produced by Model 3? Explain. ______

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25. Compare the amino acid sequence produced in Model 4 to Model 1. Did the amino acid sequence change? Explain. ______

26. What type of mutation was produced by Model 4? Explain. ______

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27. Compare the amino acid sequence produced in Model 5 to the amino acid sequence produced in Model 1.

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28. As a group, develop a definition for frameshift mutation. ______

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29. Is Model 5 an example of a missense or a nonsense mutation? Explain. ______

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30. Compare the amino acid sequence produce in Model 6 to the amino acid sequence produced in Model 1.

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31. Is Model 6 an example of a missense or a nonsense mutation? Explain. ______

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32. Which mutation(s) seem to have the least harmful effects? Why? ______

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33. Which mutation(s) seem to would have the most harmful effects? Why? ______

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