NAME______
Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860) Section 4 The South’s People
Farms and Plantations
• The Southern economy was based on ______
• Most believed the South was full of wealthy white slaveholders
• In reality, ______white Southerners did not have any slaves or only a few
• Most white Southerners fit into 4 categories
• Yeoman, tenant farmers, the rural poor, or plantation owners
Small Farmers and the Rural Poor
• Yeomen (Farmers ______slaves) made up the largest group of whites in the South
• Yeomen grew crops for their own use and to sell
• Yeomen lived in the ______South and in the hilly areas of the Deep South
• Some white Southerners worked as tenant farmers
• Worked the land for ______
Small Farmers and the Rural Poor Continued
• Most Southern whites lived in simple homes
• The rural poor lived in crude ______in wooded areas
• Rural poor were looked down upon by other ______
• Stubbornly ______
• Proud of being self-sufficient
• Often avoided jobs that were normally done by ______people
Plantations
• A large plantation (big farm) might have several ______acres
• Owners measured how rich they were by how many ______they had
• Only 4% of plantation owners owned ______or more slaves
• Most had less than ______
• A few free African Americans also held ______workers
• Some free African Americans purchased members of their own families to free them
Plantations Continued
• The goal of plantations were to earn ______
• ______prices varied from season to season
• Cotton was sold to and held by agents
• Agents then sold cotton when prices rose
• Only when the cotton sold were planters paid
• This kept the planters in ______
Plantation Wives
• Plantation wives took charge of their household
• They watched over the ______slaves and took care of them when they became sick
• Wives might be in charge of ______records
• Often a lonely and difficult life
• Planters often ______, dealing with cotton agents
• Wives spent long periods alone
Life Under Slavery
• Enslaved African Americans suffered hardships and misery
• They worked hard- for no ______
• Had little ______of freedom
• Often sold from planter to planter and taken from their loved ones
• Often they resisted ______
Family Life
• American ______did not protect enslaved families in the early 1800s
• A slaveholders death could lead to a breakup of an enslaved family
• Family members could be sold
• Although not recognized by law, ______between enslaved occurred
• The vows included “until death or ______do us part”
• Extended families became a vital feature of African American culture
African American Culture
• 1808- Congress outlawed the slave ______, but slavery remained legal
• No new enslaved people could enter the US
• By 1860- almost all slaves in the South were ______there
• African traditions of music, dance, and folk stories remained
• Often slaves accepted Christianity, but kept religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as well
African American Christianity
• Christianity became a religion of ______and resistance for many enslaved people
• They ______for their freedom
• The passionate beliefs of the enslaved Southerners found expression in the spiritual (African American folk song)
• “Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel”
• Spirituals also enabled enslaved people to communicate ______among themselves
• Often combined the Christian faith with their earthly suffering
Slave Codes
• Between 1830 and 1860- slave codes were passed to ______slaves
• Slave codes existed since the 1700s
• One purpose was to prevent a slave ______
• Slave codes prohibited slaves from assembling in large ______
• Also had to have ______before leaving the slaveholders property
• Slave codes made it a crime to ______a slave to read or write
• White Southerners feared that an educated slave might lead a ______
Resistance to Slavery- Nat Turner
• Some slaves rebelled against their owners
• Nat Turner, a ______leader, taught himself to read and write
• Turner led his followers on a brief ______rampage in Southhampton County, Virginia
• Before he was captured, Turner and his followers killed at least ______whites
• Nat Turner was ______
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion led to more ______slave codes
Resistance to Slavery
• Armed revolts were ______
• Most resistance by slaves was working ______or pretending to be ill
• Sometimes slaves would set fire to a plantation building or break tools
• This helped slaves ______their lack of freedom
• Resistance also set boundaries that slaveholders would respect
Escaping Slavery
• Some slaves tried to escape to the North
• Harriet ______and Frederick ______fled to the North
• Getting to the North was difficult for slaves and they often got aid from a secret network called…
• The ______
• ______houses along the way owned by those that opposed slavery.
• Most runaways were caught and returned
• Discipline was severe- ______was most common
Life in Southern Cities
• The 10 largest cities in the South were either seaports or river ports (Baltimore and New Orleans)
• Cities at crossroads of the ______began to grow (Atlanta)
• Whites, slaves, and free African Americans lived in these cities
• Free African Americans’ lives were not ______
• Their rights were limited
• Most states would not allow them to move state to state
• Free African Americans were denied an ______share in economic and political life
Education
• There were no public schools, if you wanted to be educated you would have to go to a private school
• Mid 1800s- North Carolina and Kentucky set up and ran public schools
• The South was behind other sections of the country in ______
• One reason was because the South’s geography
• The South had few people per square ______
• Would have to travel great ______to send their children to school
• Many Southerners also believed that education was a private matter, not a state function
Essential Question
How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?
-The possibility of family separation led to large, close knit ______families
- Christianity and African religious beliefs were practiced simultaneously and ______
- Christianity stressed hope for freedom and resistance to bondage, and out of it came the spiritual, which evolved as a ______communication methods