Appendix
Summary of studies on birds that have tested for a sex-bias amongst offspring in the event of extra-pair fertilization (excludes studies that did not determine sex using molecular methods, e.g. Kempenaers et al. 1997). Sample sizes appear in parentheses. References follow summary.
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Sex-bias detected at the level of:
Species Individuals? Broods? Reference
Black swan / No (258) / No (28) / Kraaijeveld et al. (2007)Cygnus atratus
Tree swallow (Wisconsin) / No (122) / No (31) / Whittingham Dunn (2001)
Tachycineta bicolor
Tree swallow (Ontario) / No (284) / Yes-female (50) / Delmore et al. (2008)
Fairy martin / -- / No (29) / Magrath et al. (2002)
Petrochelidon ariel
Barn swallow / No (74) / -- / Saino et al. (1999)
Hirundo rustica
Blue tit (England) / No (986) / No (103) / Leech et al. (2001)
Cyanistes caeruleus
Blue tit (France) / No (850) / -- / Dreiss et al. (2005)
Coal tit / No (2388) / No (457) / Dietrich-Bischoff et al. (2006)
Periparus ater
Black-capped chickadee / No (118) / No (174) / Ramsay et al. (2003)
Poecile atricapilla
House wren / Yes-male (2345) / No (476) / This study
Troglodytes aedon
Great reed warbler / -- / No (175) / Westerdahl et al. (1997)
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Collared flycatcher (Sweden) / No (102) / No (19) / Sheldon Ellegren (1996)
Ficedula albicollis
Collared flycatcher (Poland) / -- / No (27) / Wilk et al. (2008)
Collared flycatcher (Hungary) / No (87) / -- / Rosivall et al. (2009)
Bluethroat (Norway) / No (≤475) / -- / Johnsen et al. (2000)
Luscinia svecica
Bluethroat (France) / No (68) / -- / Questiau et al. (2000)
Red-capped robin / Trend-male (171) / -- / Dowling Mulder (2006)
Petroica goodenovii
Common yellowthroat / No (486) / -- / Abroe et al. (2007)
Geothlypis trichas
Reed bunting (Norway) / No (87) / -- / Kleven Lifjeld (2004)
Emberiza schoeniclus
Reed bunting (Netherlands) / No (393) / -- / Bouwman et al. (2007)
Reed bunting (Switzerland) / No (792) / -- / Suter et al. (2007)
Savannah sparrow / No (403) / -- / Freeman-Gallant et al. (2006)
Passerculus sandwichensis
Red-winged blackbird / No (113) / No (78) / Westneat et al. (1995)
Agelaius phoeniceus
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REFERENCES
Abroe, B., Garvin, J. C., Pedersen, M. C., Whittingham, L. A. & Dunn, P.O. 2007 Brood sex ratios are related to male size but not to attractiveness in common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas). Auk 124, 176-184.
Bouwman, K. M., van Dijk, R. E., Wijmenga, J. J. & Komdeur, J. 2007 Older male reed buntings are more successful at gaining extrapair fertilizations. Anim. Behav. 73, 15-27.
Delmore, K. E, Kleven, O., Laskemoen, T., Crowe, S. A., Lifjeld, J. T. & Robertson, R. J. 2008 Sex allocation and parental quality in tree swallows. Behav. Ecol. 19, 1243-1249.
Dietrich-Bischoff, V., Schmoll, T., Winkel, W., Krackow, S. & Lubjuhn, T. 2006 Extra-pair paternity, offspring mortality and offspring sex ratio in the socially monogamous coal tit (Parus ater). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60, 563-571.
Dowling, D. K. & Mulder, R. A. 2006 Combined influence of maternal and paternal quality on sex allocation in red-capped robins. J. Evol. Biol. 19, 440-449.
Dreiss, A., Richard, M., Moyen, F, White, J, Møller, A. P. & Danchin, E. 2006 Sex ratio and male sexual characters in a population of blue tits, Parus caeruleus. Behav. Ecol. 17, 13-19.
Freeman-Gallant, C. R., Wheelwright, N. T., Meiklejohn, K. E. & Sollecito, S. V. 2006 Genetic similarity, extrapair paternity, and offspring quality in savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Behav. Ecol. 17, 952-958.
Johnsen, A., Anderson, V., Sunding, C. & Lifjeld, J. T. 2000 Female bluethroats enhance offspring immunocompetence through extrapair copulations. Nature 406, 296-299.
Kempenaers, B., Verheyen, G. R. & Dhondt, A. A. 1997 Extrapair paternity in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus): female choice, male characteristics, and offspring quality. Behav. Ecol. 8, 481-492.
Kleven, O. & Lifjeld, J. T. 2004 Extrapair paternity and offspring immunocompetence in the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus. Anim. Behav. 68, 283-289.
Kraaijeveld, K., Ming, M., Komdeur, J. & Mulder, R. A. 2007 Offspring sex ratios in relation to mutual ornamentation and extra-pair paternity in the black swan Cygnus atratus.Ibis 149, 79-85.
Leech, D. I., Hartley, I. R., Stewart, I. R. K., Griffith, S. C. & Burke. T. 2001 No effect of parental quality or extrapair paternity on brood sex ratio in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus) Behav. Ecol. 12, 674-680.
Magrath, M. J. L., Green, D. J. & Komdeur, J. 2002 Sex allocation in the sexually monomorphic fairy martin. J. Avian Biol. 33, 260-268.
Questiau, S., Escaravage, N., Eybert, M.-C. & Taberlet, P. 2000 Nestling sex ratios in a population of bluethroats Luscinia svecica inferred from AFLPTM analysis, J. Avian Biol. 31, 8-14.
Ramsay, S. M., Mennill, D. J., Otter, K. A., Ratcliffe, L. M. & Boag, P. T. 2003 Sex allocation in the black-capped chickadees Poecilie atricapillus. J. Avian Biol. 34, 134-139.
Rosivall, B., Szöllȍsi, E. Hasselquist, D. & Török, J. 2009 Effects of extrapair paternity and sex on nestling growth and condition in the collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis. Anim. Behav. 77, 611-617.
Saino, N., Ellegren, H. & Møller, A. P. 1999 No evidence for adjustment of sex allocation in relation to paternal ornamentation and paternity in barn swallows. Molec. Ecol. 8, 399-406.
Sheldon, B. C. & Ellegren, H. 1996 Offspring sex and paternity in the collared flycatcher. Proc. R. Soc. B 263, 1017-1021.
Suter, S. M., Keiser, M., Feignoux, R. & Meyer, D. R. 2007 Reed bunting females increase fitness through extra-pair mating with genetically dissimilar males. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2865-2871.
Westerdahl, H., Bensch, S., Hansson, B., Hasselquist, D. & VonSchantz, T. 1997 Sex ratio variation among broods of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Molec. Ecol. 6, 543-548.
Westneat, D. F., Clark, A. B. & Rambo, K. C. 1995 Within-brood patterns of paternity and paternal behavior in red-winged blackbirds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 37, 349-356.
Whittingham, L. A. & Dunn, P. O. 2001 Survival of extrapair and within-pair young in tree swallows. Behav. Ecol. 12, 496-500.
Whittingham, L. A. & Dunn, P. O. 2005 Effects of extra-pair and within-pair reproductive success on the opportunity for selection in birds. Behav. Ecol. 16, 138-144.
Wilk, T., Cichoń, M, & Wolf, K. 2008 Lack of evidence for improved immune response of extra-pair nestlings in collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. J. Avian Biol. 39, 546-552.
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