KEY POINTS: Chapter 23
Essential Question: What social, economic, and political changes occurred in Europe as a result of Industrialization?
Identify:
Bastille – political prison; seized by popular riot on July 14th, 1789
Bismarck – conservative prime minister of Prussia; unified Germany 1870; liberal reforms to get support for conservative causes
Bourgeoisie - middle class
Charles Darwin – biologist who developed theory of evolution of species 1859; evolution by adaptation b/c struggle for survival
Conservatism – sticking to the traditional values and beliefs
Count Cavour – united Italy 1858; formed alliance w/ France to attack Austrian control of N Italy Piedmont king rules Italy
Declaration of the Rights of Man – like the Declaration of Independence, proclaimed freedom of thought
Factory system – used steam engines, allowed greater specialization of labor, more explicit rules and discipline
Guillotine – method of humane execution; used to execute thousands during radical phase of French Revolution (Reign of Terror)
James Watt – invented steam engine 1770s for production; used in textile industries, mining, railroads
Karl Marx – history = class struggle between controller and controlled by production, social revolution for proletarian dictatorship
Liberalism – limited state interference in individual life, represent propertied people in gov’t; constitutional rule & parliaments
Louis XVI – Bourbon monarch executed during Reign of Terror (1792)
Nationalism – urged importance of national unity; valued collective identity based on culture, race, and origin
Proletariat – working class people w/out access to producing property; manufacturing workers, paid agricultural laborers, urban poor
Proto-industrialization – preliminary shift away from agri economy; workers part/full time producers of textile and metal products; homemade in capitalist system where supplies, work orders, and sales depend on urban merchants
Stamp Act – 1765, tax imposed on documents and pamphlets, roused protest against British tyranny
What three key themes dominate the 1750-1914 period in Western Civilization history? Industrialization, political upheaval, importation of W European institutions and values to settler societies like the U.S.A. and Australia
What was the greatest change in Western Civilization during this period? Industrial Revolution
What are the sub periods European history of 1750-1914 can be broken into? 1789-1850 political revolution & industrialization, 1850-1914 mature stage where implications of industrial society were worked out
Forces of Change ***Note: eco = economic, soc = social
What three forces for change were present in the mid-18th century Europe? Cultural, commercialization, population boom
Explain how the rising European population affected economic growth. Many became proletariats, proto-industrialization
What social changes resulted from the population increase? premarital sex, out-of-wedlock births, parental authority in decline
Why had the British colonists in North America revolted? Too many restrictions, taxed w/out representation, Stamp Act
What factors helped the colonial leaders to win independence? Persistence, British military mistakes, significant French aid
What year was the U.S. constitution ratified? 1789
Why did the French Revolution start? When? Wanted power of the people but rulers didn’t change, ineffective gov’t; 1788-1799
What rights were included in the original constitution of France? Individual rights: freedom of religion, press, property; parliament limit king’s power, landowning adult males allowed to vote (1/2 of adult male population)
When was the most radical phase of the French Revolution? Leader? Reign of Terror; Maximilien Robespierre
What countries opposed France’s revolution? Britain, Prussia, Austria
What was the “cult of the Supreme Being”? civic religion to replace Catholicism
What provisions were included in the constitution proposed by Robespierre? Universal male suffrage, military conscription
How was nationalism a product of the French Revolution? Could replace older loyalties to church and aristocracy
What rights were suppressed by Napoleon and what rights were upheld?
Suppressed: freedom of expression, power of the people; upheld: religious freedom, equality for all men
What year was the height of Napoleon’s empire? 1812
Where did Napoleon invade and lose miserably? Russia 1812
What revolutionary ideas were spread by Napoleon? Equality under law; attack on aristocracy, church, and craft guilds
What country gained independence from Ottoman Empire 1820? Greece
Who were 19th century liberals and what was characteristic about their views? Middle class; eco reforms for industrial growth
Who were 19th century radicals and what was characteristic about their views? More voting rights, total democracy, soc reforms
What resulted from the revolutions of 1830? France: new king, liberal monarchy; Belgian: liberal regime, independent nation
What key political changes took place in early 19th century United States and Britain?
U.S.A.: Universal adult male suffrage except for slaves; Britain: Reform Bill 1832 – parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
By the end of the 19th century, what characterized Western European governments?
Solid parliaments, guarantee individual rights, voting system
The Industrial Revolution ***Note: dev = development, tech = technical, refs = reforms
Where did industrialization first begin in Europe? What industry? Britain; textile industry
What factors helped to promote industrialization? Population pressure, favorable natural resources, prior dev of sciences, gov’ts
Why did technological innovations spread to transportation & communication industries? More goods moved, distant markets
What environmental changes came with industrialization in Europe? Pressure on remaining forests, smoke pollution, wastes, poor water quality, and slagheaps around mines
What areas began to industrialize after Great Britain? Belgium, France, United States, Germany
What policies in France helped promote industrialization? No local trade restrictions/protection of private prop/artisan guilds
How did industrialization affect cities? popular leisure? women? middle class families? Cities: poorly equipped, crowded, unclean, crimes; leisure: bosses ban singing, napping, anything sinful, anything detract from work; women: moral status improved, withdrew from formal jobs; middle class families: affection, purity, got education
What areas became a part of government functions with industrialization? Railroad dev, tech fairs, education, urban conditions
What was the goal of the Chartist movement? Democratic gov’t regulate new technologies and promote popular education
What were the goals of those fighting in the 1848 revolts? Democratic republic, women’s rights, no manorialism/serfdom, soc refs
What 5 European nations experienced revolts in 1848? Germany, Austria, Hungary, Prussia, France
What happened to peasants as a result of the 1848 revolts? Demands met, no serfdom, supported conservatives
What changed about social structures because of the revolution of 1848? Middle class landowners predominate vs. other workers
The Consolidation of the Industrial Order 1850-1914 ***Note: pop = population
What changes in cities helped to address the problems created by urbanization? Sanitized, death rate lower than birth rate, parks, museums, effective regulation of food and housing facilities, crime rates stabilized, more effective social control & disciplined pop.
How did demographics change in late 19th century Europe? Healthier, women outlive men, lower death rate, lower birth rate
What factors helped to lower the death rates in children and from childbirth? Better hygiene and parental care
How did workers and peasants adjust to industrial life? Strikes, better pay, shorter hours; sent kids to school, specialized crops
What new political trends characterized late 19th century Europe? Working-class men vote, more parliament power, freedoms
How did Bismarck bring about German unification? Denmark lost to Austria & Prussia, defeated France in a war UNITY
When was the American Civil War? 1861-1865
What was characteristic of western governments by the end of the 19th century? Parliaments, democracies
What new government functions were present by the end of the 19th century? Education, welfare, health
What are the key tenets of Marx’s theory on history and society? History = class struggle between powerless and the powerful who control the means of production, proletarian dictatorship, utopian society where all are equal and class struggle eliminated
When did the socialist leaders have some political success? 1880s
What was revisionism? Said Marx’s revolutionary vision was wrong, success achieved by peaceful democratic means
What were the goals of the early feminist movement? Legal & economic gains, same jobs as men, higher education, suffrage
What social class of women were initially active in the feminist movement? Middle class
What were some of the tactics of extreme feminist leaders like Emmeline Pankhurst? Violence, hunger strikes
Cultural Transformations
What changes about attitudes towards leisure in the late 19th century? Growing secularism, religious practice declined
What are some examples of the mass leisure culture that emerged in the late 19th century? Newspapers, theater, vacation, sports
What new theories emerged in science?
Theory of Evolution of Species (Darwin), Theory of Relativity (Einstein), Theories of Subconscience (Freud)
What was romanticism? Artistic movement, intense emotions, impressionism
Western Settle Societies
What motivated the Western nations to extend their empires even farther in the 19th century? New materials, markets, products
What new technologies helped the west conquer? Steamships, repeating rifle & machine gun
Explain how the American Civil War affected industry in the United States. Seek export markets, companies set up branches in other countries, agriculture mechanized and exported to European markets
Describe the U.S. role in world affairs prior to the 20th century. Very diverse people but mostly borrowed from Europe
How did Canada, Australia, New Zealand differ from the United States? Remained part of British Empire, some autonomy
How did the British remain in control of Canada? Granted increasing self-rule, commercial development
How/Why did the British establish the colony of Australia? Place to dump convicts, their faraway “prison” in Sydney
Who were the native people in New Zealand? Maoris
Diplomatic Tension and WWI
What two European nations began a naval rivalry at the end of the 19th century? Britain and Germany
What nations formed the Triple Alliance/ Triple Entente? Britain, France, and Russia; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
What problems were emerging in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire? Balkan nationalism b/c of large S Slav population