Water, Carbon, and Macromolecules Study Guide
Water Chapter 3
1) What type of bond hold the water molecule together? What type of bond joins neighboring water molecules together?
2) Compare and contrast cohesion and adhesion.
3) Water has high specific heat. Describe what this means and why is this helpful for life on earth?
4) Use solution, solvent, and solute in a couple of sentences. Make sure they flow and make sense.
5) What are buffers and why are they important to the environment and our body?
Carbon Chapter 4
6) Why can Carbon bond with so many elements?
7) Describe the Urey and Miller experiment. Why is it so darn important?
8) What is a structural isomer? Give an example.
9) What is a geometric isomer? Give an example.
10) What is an enantiomer? Give an example.
11) For each functional group, know their chemical formula and how to identify them in a molecule.
a) sulfhydryl b) carbonyl c) carboxyl d) amine/amino
e) phosphate f) aldehyde g) ketone h) hydroxyl
12) What is ATP and why is it so darn important?
Macromolecules Chapter 5: Carbs and Lipids
13) Describe the process of polymerization. How does this relate to macromolecules?
14) Compare dehydration synthesis to hydrolysis.
15) What holds monosaccharides together to make a disaccharide? What is released in the process?
16) What is a storage polysaccharide? What is the main one in plants? How about animals?
17) Why can’t our bodies digest cellulose, but can digest starch? Explain.
18) What are lipids made of? What types of bonds form to hold a lipid together? What property does this give the lipid?
19) What bond is created when glycerol binds with a fatty acid chain? How many times does this have to occur to make a triacylglycerol (triglyceride)?
20) Compare saturated with unsaturated fats. Which types of foods are high in unsaturated fats?
21) Describe the structure of a phospholipid.
Proteins
22) Take a look at Table 5.1 in your book. Make sure you are aware of at least 5 different types of proteins and their functions.
Enzyme proteins:
Defense proteins:
Hormonal proteins:
Structural proteins:
Storage proteins:
23) How do enzymes operate like a “lock and key?”
24) Draw the graph that shows rate of reaction over time with increasing substrate concentration (with enzymes) over time. Why does the graph plateau?
25) What is the general structure for an amino acid? When they link together to form a protein, what type of bond is formed?
26) Know the four steps to making the protein shape and what happens in each step:
Primary:
Secondary:
Tertiary:
Quarternary:
27) What are some conditions that cause denaturation of proteins?
28) What is a chaperonin?
Nucleic Acids
29) Compare RNA to DNA.
30) What is in a nucleotide?
31) What are Chargaff’s rules? What holds the nitrogen bases together?
32) What bases are the purines? How about the pyrmidines?
33) What’s a phosphodiester linkage?
34) Describe the steps of DNA replication. In what direction is DNA replicated?
35) Describe the steps of the Central Dogma, or making a protein.