1st Semester Final Study Guide

Chapter 1, Section 3: Europe Encounters America

  1. Bringing of goods, food, disease and animals across the ocean during 1500-1600

Chapter 2, Section 1: England’s First Colonies

  1. 1607; first permanent settlement

Chapter 2, Section 5: A Diverse Society

  1. GA=religion; E=reason

Chapter 3, Section 5: A New Constitution

  1. Constitution; September 17, 1787
  2. 3/5 of enslaved people counted for taxes and population

Chapter 5, Section 2: The Age of Jackson

  1. 1820; Maine is a free state, Missouri is a slave state

Section 5, Section 4: Manifest Destiny

  1. President’s Polk campaign to get Oregon Territory from Britain

Chapter 6, Section 1: Slavery and Westward Expansion

  1. 1856; southern sympathizers who swarmed Kansas hoping to create pro-slavery government
  2. Harriet Beecher Stowe
  3. 1850; all runaway southern slaves must be returned to the South

Chapter 6, Section 2: The Crisis Deepens

  1. Abolitionist responsible for attacking the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to try and arm a slave rebellion

Chapter 6, Section 3: The Union Dissolves

  1. Preserve the Union
  2. The south leaves the union
  3. Jefferson Davis

Chapter 7, Section 1: The Opposing Sides

  1. North-Union; South-Confederacy
  2. North wants to “squeeze” the South into submission by blocking their ports
  3. North-manufacturing, people, railroads; South-food and military generals
  4. State in the Union that owned slaves
  5. Draft (for the army)

Chapter 7, Section 2: The Early Stages

  1. Single bloodiest day in American History (6,000 dead and 16,000 wounded)
  2. January 1, 1863; freed slaves in rebelling states

Chapter 7, Section 3: The Turning Point

  1. Mississippi River; cuts the south in half; North controls the MR
  2. Bloodiest battle of the Civil War (3 days; 50,000 causalities)
  3. Marches 60 miles through Georgia leaving death and destruction in his path
  4. Civil War ends with Lee surrendering Army of Northern VA to Grant
  5. John Wilkes Booth

Chapter 7, Section 4: Reconstruction Begins

  1. Take away rights of freed slaves after the war
  2. 1865; organization to try and help freed slaves with education, housing, etc

Chapter 7, Section 5: Reconstruction and Republican Rule

  1. Northern person who comes South to help with Reconstruction
  2. Southern who lives in South, but believes in North

Chapter 8, Section 1: Miners and Ranchers

  1. Mexican or Black; farmhands that are used to deliver cattle from a ranch to the closest railroad
  2. Vast area of land, usually west, that is owned by government and used by everyone
  3. Creates private property for cheap

Chapter 8, Section 2: Farming the West

  1. 160 acres was not enough land to farm the rain-scarce Great Plains
  2. Buffalo were nearly exterminated by white settlers
  3. Custer’s troops were killed by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
  4. African American Calvary units who fought in the west
  5. Indian tribe and their chief that tried to outrun the military to Canada, but ultimately failed
  6. Indians surrendered to military, but were ultimately killed when the military tried to “disarm” them

Chapter 9, Section 1: The Rise of Industry

  1. Light Bulb, phonograph, and Menlo Park
  2. Inventor of the telephone
  3. Helped with electricity and the radio
  4. Economic system of “hands off” approach by the government
  5. Person who organizes, manages, and assumes risks for businesses

Chapter 9, Section 2: The Railroads

  1. Railroad that connects the east to west; Central Pacific start in Sacramento; Union Pacific start in Omaha
  2. Railroad tycoon; Grand Central Station

Chapter 9, Section 3: Big Business

  1. Process of buying every part of a business so as to help streamline profit; Ace Meat Industries
  2. Buying up all the firms of an organization so as to create a monopoly; Rockefeller and Standard Oil
  3. Creates a way to produce and reproduce steel quickly and efficiently
  4. Steel tycoon in Pittsburgh
  5. Financier and banker; US Steel
  6. Oil tycoon; Standard Oil

Chapter 9, Section 4: Unions

  1. 1st nationwide Railroad Strike; West Virginia; President Hayes calls in army to stop the strike
  2. Chicago riot over 8-hour work day; bomb exploded in a group; 7 officers and four workers killed
  3. Strike over wage cuts in railroad car industry; President ordered troops in to help with strike; Court order ended strike
  4. Workers who are in a union were put on a list; hard to hire or get a job
  5. Communist Manifesto; Father of Communism
  6. Company tool to fight strikes by workers
  7. Organization of workers with the same trade or skill
  8. Organization of all laborers within a particular industry

Chapter 10, Section 1: Immigration

  1. Old- Western Europe and look, believe similar; New-Eastern Europe and Asia, do not look or believe similar
  2. Excluded Chinese Immigrants for 10 years, could not become citizens
  3. Diverse culture, diverse societies, diverse people all live under one roof
  4. Home-based business, work 24-hours
  5. Taking their jobs, culture, society
  6. New York; Europe come through; Golden Door
  7. San Francisco; Asian immigrants
  8. Cramped quarters on a boat for lower-income people
  9. Danish born; journalist and photographer who studied the urban poor

Chapter 10, Section 2: Urbanization

  1. Trolley car
  2. Provide aid to citizens in exchange for votes
  3. New York; William “Boss” Tweed
  4. Multi-family apartment, usually in poor shape, with little basic necessities

Chapter 10, Section 3: The Gilded Age

  1. 1870-1900; Industrialization may bring positive outward change, but there is negative inward growth (poverty, disease, corruption) as well
  2. Herbert Spencer; Darwin’s theory of “Survival of the Fittest” in economic and social life

Chapter 10, Section 4: The Birth of Reform

  1. Institution in a urban area for poor people and immigrants; child care, education, medical care, etc.
  2. Baseball, saloons, vaudeville/amusement parks, movies, YMCA