Chapter 11—Enlightenment + Revolution in England + America
Section 1—Civil War + Revolution
Charles I + Parliament
-Like his father-believed in Divine Right of Kings
-Henrietta-French Catholic
-out of touch w/ Parliament + subjects
-funds from Parliament
-forced people…when refused…imprisoned
-Petition of Rights—4 ancient liberties
-king could not tax w/o the agreement of Parliament
-could not declare martial law
-could not quarter soldiers in private homes during peacetime
-could not imprison w/o a specific charge
-signed it but continued to tax
-Parliament objected and was dismissed for 11 years
-used drastic measures to collect money
-economy improved
-Puritans complained about Anglican Church
-felt Charles was becoming a tyrant
-used royal court against his enemies
-didnt guarantee civil liberties
-judges made decisions in secret
-harshly punished Puritans + critics
-Presbyterian Scotland
-tried to force to follow Anglican Church
-rebellion
-1638 signed the National Covenent
-any changes to the ScottishChurch would violate religious + political freedom
-troops to Scotland could not put down rebellion
-called Parliament into session
-members wanted to discuss their complaints 1st
-dismissed again
-suffered 2nd defeat inside English borders
-called Parliament into session in 1640
The Long Parliament
-convened on and off for 20 years starting in 1640
-Charles wanted to raise money to fight the Scots
-Puritan controlled House of Commons ended kings power to dissolve Parliament
-passed a law that it must meet at least once every 3 years
-passed a law requiring Parliamentary approval on king raising taxes
-forced the execution of 2 advisors to the king for treason
-rebellion in Ireland…1641…bloody revolution
-conquered in 1100s…land given to English settlers…controlled most of wealth
-Irish treated brutally….few rights + freedoms
-Parliament proposed that they be in charge of a large Army to put down rebellion
-Charles refused + led troops to House of Commons to arrest opponents
-Civil War began in 1642
English Civil War
-king supported by Anglicans, Catholics, nobles + opponents of reform
-royalists or Cavaliers
-Parliament supported by Puritans + other non-Anglican Protestants
-Roundheads
-Oliver Cromwell + New Model Army
-rising Puritan leader
-defeated Charles in 1645
-Oxford surrendered in 1646
-Charles fled to Scotland
- Scots turned him over to Parliament
--November 1647 Charles escaped to Scotland again
-army crushed by Cromwell
-moved on Parliament + kept kings supporters out
-Rump Parliament
-abolished the monarchy
-abolished the House of Lords
-proclaimed England a commonwealth
-Charles tried for treason + beheaded at WhitehallPalace in 1649
-son fled to France
CromwellsCommonwealth
-honest + devout Puritan
-believed divine providence brought him to rule
-acted harshly to suppress resistance to his rule
-fairly tolerant of others religious views
-ruled as Lord Protectorate from 1653-1658
-military dictator
-based rule on support of the army
-wanted to create representative form of govt
-Constitution
-1653 Instrument of Government…1st written Euro Constitution
-landowners elect Parliament
-Government of the Protectorate unpopular
-raised enough money from taxes to support itself + army
-army was powerful + discouraged acting against govt
-enemies had no organized army
-encouraged trade + manufacturing at home
-Navigation Act 1651
-required all goods shipped to England from other countries be carried by English ships or ships from producing country
-led to war w/ Dutch 1652-1654
-English gained naval prestige
End of the Revolution
-republican govt eventually failed
-eventually dissolved Parliament and ruled alone
-after death in 1658 son Richard took over but lost support of Army
-by 1660 people began to turn against republic govt
-Parliament invited Charles II to return to England
-some call 1642-1660 the English Revolution