H. BioViruses, Protists and Fungi study guideName ______

Unit 9- Chance favors the prepared mind.

Viruses,- Louis Pasteur

Protists

Fungi

Chapter 20. Viruses and Prokaryotes (pages 572 – 599)

Section 1. Viruses (pages 574 – 579)

Objective 1. Explain how viruses reproduce.

Objective 2. Explain how viruses cause infection.

  1. What is a virus? What is its structure? What is a capsid?
  1. How do viruses reproduce? What is a lytic infection? Lysogenic infection? What is a prophage?
  1. What is a retrovirus? Compare the common cold virus to HIV.

Section 2. Prokaryotes. (pages 580 – 585)

Objective 1. Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ.

Objective 2. Describe how prokaryotes vary in structure and function.

Objective 3. Explain the role of bacteria in the living world.

  1. Which two domains of life contain only prokaryotes?
  1. Look at figure 20-7 on page 581. Which feature of the cell wall is characteristic of bacteria but not of archaea?
  1. What are the three shapes of prokaryotes? What does the term strepto mean?
  1. In what ways do prokaryotes differ from one another?
  1. In looking at figure 20-10, which category of prokaryote is the most flexible in the energy sources it can use?
  1. Define binary fission, endospore, and conjugation.
  1. What is meant by obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, and facultative anaerobe?
  1. List and explain 3 ecological roles played by prokaryotes.
  1. What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria and why are they so important?

Section 3. Diseases caused by Bacteria and Viruses (pages 586 – 592)

Objective 1. Explain how bacteria cause disease.

Objective 2. Explain how viruses cause disease.

Objective 3. Define emerging disease and explain why they are a threat to human health.

  1. How do bacteria cause disease?
  1. What are some ways that populations of bacteria can be controlled?
  1. What are vaccines and antibiotics? How do they help people?
  1. What is meningococcal disease? What are its symptoms? How does the disease attack the body? What are the treatments?
  1. Why are people so concerned about the overuse of antibiotics?
  1. How do viruses cause disease?
  1. What is the strategy behind vaccines? Why was the Salk vaccine so important? What is the difference between the shot and the oral vaccine.
  1. Who was Sister Kenny? Why did she come to Minnesota? What was her treatment?
  1. Why do antibiotics have no effect on viral diseases? What is used instead? (page 589)
  1. Why is it so difficult to develop a vaccine for the flu?
  1. Why are emerging diseases so threatening?
  1. What is meant by “superbugs”
  1. How can viruses change into new more virulent strains?
  1. What are prions? Why are these infectious agents so different and scary?

Chapter 21. Protists and Fungi (pages 600 – 631)

Section 1. Protist classification – The saga continues (pages 602 – 605)

Objective 1. Explain what a protist is.

Objective 2. Describe how protists are related to other eukaryotes.

  1. What are protists? What is the protist dilemma?
  1. What was the old way to classify protists? What is the new? Why multiple kingdoms?
  1. Which kingdoms arose from protist ancestors?
  1. Why can’t we find a protist, living today, that was ancestral to eukaryotes?

Section 2. Protist Structure and Function (pages 606 – 609)

Objective 1. Describe the various methods of protist locomotion.

Objective 2. Describe how protists reproduce.

  1. Describe the four ways protists move. (pseudopods, cilia, flagella, spores). Why are spores considered passive movement?
  1. Describe the asexual and sexual ways that protists reproduce. What is conjugation? What is meant by alternation of generations. (page 608)
  1. How does a macronucleus differ in function from a micronucleus?

Section 3. The Ecology of Protists (pages 610-616)

Objective 1. Describe the ecological significance of photosynthetic protists.

Objective 2. Describe how heterotrophic protists obtain food.

Objective 3. Identify the symbiotic relationships that involve protists.

  1. What is the ecological significance of photosynthetic protists? What are algal blooms?
  1. How do heterotrophic protists, amoebas, ciliates and slime molds obtain food? What is a plasmodium? How do molds obtain food?(page 612)
  1. Give two examples each of mutualism and parasitism involving protists.
  1. By what two methods do parasitic protists spread disease? Why are these diseases more common in the tropics?

Section 4. Fungi (pages 618 – 625)

Objective 1. Identify the defining characteristics of fungi.

Objective 2. Describe how fungi affect homeostasis.

  1. What are the basic characteristics of fungi?
  1. Describe hyphae, fruiting body and mycelium.
  1. Describe the following ways fungi affect the homeostasis in other organisms and the environment – decomposition, parasitism, lichens, and mycorrhizae.
  1. Why do bacteria and fungi make such great decomposers? What characteristics do these two groups have that allow them to function in this role?