SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2: Overview of all food sharing studies that presented detailed information on types of food transfers, allowing classification of tolerated transfers into proactive, reactive and passive sharing. The table contains the species contributing to the means in Figure 1 (Callithrichids, capuchins, great apes and human children), as well as other primate species. Rows represent single studies or independent study groups and are ordered by species, in order of relatedness to humans

Sharing with infants
Taxonomic group / Species / Environment / Pro-active / Re-active / Passive / Referenceb
Great apes / Pongo pygmaeus / wild / 0 / 2.21 / 97.79 / (Jaeggi et al. 2008)
Great apes / Pongo pygmaeus / free-ranging / 0 / 16.19 / 83.81 / (Bard 1992)
Great apes / Gorilla gorilla / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Nowell & Fletcher 2006)
Great apes / Pan paniscus / wild / 0 / 3.05 / 96.95 / (Kuroda 1984)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / captive / 0 / 4.55 / 95.45 / (Hirata & Celli 2003)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / captive / 0 / 2.28 / 97.72 / (Silk 1979)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (McGrew 1975)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Lonsdorf 2006)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Silk 1978)
Gibbons / Symphalangus syndactilus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Fox 1972)
Gibbons / Hylobates lar / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Nettelbeck 1998)
Gibbons / Hylobates lar / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Schessler & Nash 1977)
Gibbons / Nomascus concolor / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Fan & Jiang 2009)
Colobinae / Procolobus badius temminckii / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Starin 2006)
Cercopithecinae / Papio anubis / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Strum 1975; Strum 1981)
Capuchins / Cebus capucinus / wild / 22.22 / 0 / 77.78 / (Rose 1997)
Capuchins / Cebus apella / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Fragaszy et al. 1997)
Capuchins / Cebus apella / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / Furbush (cited in Fragaszy et al. 2004)
Capuchins / Cebus apella / captive / 0 / 1 / 99 / (Westergaard et al. 1999)
Callicebidae / Callicebus torquatus / wild / 0 / 57.14 / 42.86 / (Starin 1978)
Pitheciidae / Pithecia pithecia / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Homburg 1997)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / captive / 62.34 / 0 / 37.67 / (Brown & Mack 1978)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / captive / 5.96 / 0 / 94.04 / (Price & Feistner 1993)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / wild / 11.76 / 0 / 88.24 / (Ruiz-Miranda et al. 1999)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / free-ranging / 24.97 / 0 / 75.03 / (Ruiz-Miranda et al. 1999)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / wild / 19.24 / 0 / 80.76 / (Rapaport & Ruiz-Miranda 2006)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / wild / 18.15 / 0 / 81.84 / (Rapaport & Ruiz-Miranda 2006)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / wild / 37.25 / 0 / 62.75 / (Rapaport & Ruiz-Miranda 2006)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus rosalia / wild / 5.65 / 0 / 94.35 / (Rapaport 2006)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus chrysomelas / captive / 20 / 0 / 80 / Moura & Langguth, unpubl.
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus chrysomelasa / captive / 5.80 / 0 / 94.20 / (Feistner & Price 1999)
Callitrichids / Leontopithecus chrysopygus / captive / 5.3 / 0 / 94.7 / (Feistner & Price 2000)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 48.65 / 0 / 51.35 / (Feistner & Price 1999)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 37.4 / 0 / 62.6 / (Feistner & Price 1990)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 35.4 / 0 / 64.6 / (Feistner & Price 1990)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 29.8 / 0 / 30.6 / (Feistner & Price 1990)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 9 / 0 / 91 / (Feistner & Price 1990)
Callitrichids / Saguinus oedipus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Roush & Snowdon 2001)
Callitrichids / Saguinus bicolor / captive / 1.5 / 0 / 98.5 / (Price & Feistner 2001)
Callitrichids / Saguinus labiatus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Caine et al. 1995)
Callitrichids / Saguinus mystax / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Heymann 1996)
Callitrichids / Callithrix jacchus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Feistner & Price 1991)
Callitrichids / Callithrix geoffreoyi / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Feistner & Price 1991)
Callitrichids / Callithrix argentata / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Feistner & Price 1991)
Tarsiidae / Tarsius spectrum / wild / 27.78 / 0 / 72.22 / (Gursky 2000)
Sharing among adults
Human children / Homo sapiens / pre-schools / 16.86 / 64.17 / 18.97 / (Birch & Billman 1986)
Human children / Homo sapiens / pre-schools / 27.08 / 41.35 / 31.57 / (Rao & Stewart 1999)
Great apes / Pongo spp. / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (van Noordwijk & van Schaik 2009)
Great apes / Pan paniscus / wild / 0.67 / 12.34 / 86.96 / (Kuroda 1984)
Great apes / Pan paniscus / wild / 0 / 34 / 66 / (Fruth & Hohmann 2002)
Great apes / Pan paniscus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (de Waal 1992)
Great apes / Pan paniscus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Jaeggi et al. 2010)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (de Waal 1997)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / captive / 0 / 0.2 / 99.8 / (de Waal 1989)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 1.34 / 98.65 / (Teleki 1973)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Hockings et al. 2007)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / captive / 1.02 / 27.55 / 71.43 / (Jaeggi et al. 2010)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 30.77 / 69.23 / (Nishida 1970)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Takahata et al. 1984)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Kawanaka 1982)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Nakamura & Itoh 2001)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 7.63 / 92.37 / (Boesch & Boesch 1989)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Nishida et al. 1979)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 22.22 / 33.33 / 44.44 / (Reynolds 2005)
Great apes / Pan troglodytes / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Kuroda et al. 1996)
Gibbons / Hylobates lar / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Berkson & Schusterman 1964)
Gibbons / Nomascus concolor / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Fan & Jiang 2009)
Callitrichids / Saguinus nigricollis / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Izawa 1978)
Colobinae / Procolobus badius temminckii / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Starin 2006)
Colobinae / Rhinopithecus roxellana / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Zhang et al. 2008)
Cercopithecinae / Papio anubis / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Strum 1975; Strum 1981)
Capuchins / Cebus apella / captive / 0 / 10.32 / 89.64 / (de Waal et al. 1993)
Capuchins / Cebus capucinus / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Rose 1997)
Aotidae / Aotus azarai / captive / 4.65 / 0 / 95.35 / (Wolovich et al. 2006)
Callitrichids / Callithrix flaviceps / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Ferrari 1992)
Callitrichids / Callithrix jacchus / captive / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Kasper et al. 2008)
Callitrichids / Saguinus nigricollis / wild / 0 / 0 / 100 / (Izawa 1978)

asharing with infant of different species (Saguinus oedipus)

bFull references can be requested from the first author