C.P. BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE – SPRING FINAL 2015

Directions: The study guide is meant as a review aid. Complete each question with detail and thoroughness, using complete sentences. Remember, poor effort during preparation will most likely yield a useless study guide. All study guides for the final exam must be hand written (NO TYPING OR PHOTOCOPYING), including all diagrams. No exceptions, no excuses, no whining! Bring your completed study guide to the final.

DO NOT ASK FOR EXCEPTIONS OR FAVORS…THE ANSWER WILL BE NO!

UNIT 5 – Complex Patterns of Inheritance, Beyond Mendelian Basics

1. What kind of alleles cause most genetic disorders?

2. If someone is a carrier, what does this mean?

3. For each of the following disorders, list what kind of alleles cause the genetic disorder and then describe the symptoms or affects of the genetic disorder:

a. albinism c. cystic fibrosis e. Huntingtons

b. achondroplasia d. galactosemia f. Tay-Sachs

4. Describe how a child with a genetic disorder inherited the disease if neither parent has the disease themselves.

5. Be able to complete a punnett square for disorders caused by recessive alleles and then determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

6. List 4 patterns of complex inheritance that are exceptions to Mendel’s Law of Dominance.

7. Give examples of the following kinds of inheritance patterns: codominance, incomplete dominance and multiple alles

8. Be able to complete a punnett square for disorders caused by incomplete dominance and then determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

9. List the four human blood types and the alleles that determine them.

10. Be able to complete a punnett square for blood types and then determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

11. What information does a pedigree chart provide. Be able to interpret a pedigree chart.

12. In humans, how is the sex of the offspring determined?

13. What is a sex-linked trait?

14. Be able to complete a punnett square for disorders that are sex-linked and then determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

UNIT 6 – Molecular genetics and Biotechnology

15. Within DNA, what does the order of the nitrogenous bases determine?

16. Describe a nucleotide and be able to identify the components.

17. Explain the differences between nucleotides of DNA and RNA?

19. Describe the process and end result of DNA replication.

20. What are Okazaki fragments?

21. What is the central dogma of biology?

22. In what ways do the chemical structures of DNA and RNA differ? How are they the same?

23. In what organelle does protein synthesis occur?

24. How many kinds of RNA exist? Name them.

25. With what nucleic acid does protein synthesis begin?

26. What are the functions of the different kinds of RNA?

27. Starting with DNA, what is the correct order of sequence for protein synthesis?

28. If a strand of DNA was GCTAGT, what would be the complimentary strand?

29. Starting with the strand of DNA, GCTAGT :

a. Transcribe it into mRNA

b. From the mRNA, now translate that into tRNA

30. Why would proteins have different amino acid sequences, shapes and chemical properties?

31. What might you infer about the sequence of nitrogen bases and DNA if two species of organisms are closely related?

32. What is a mutagen?

33. What kind of cell, somatic or reproductive, would a mutation have to occur in for the mutation to be passed on to the next generation?

34. What effects might a mutation have on a cell?

35. If repair mechanisms exist to fix mutated DNA, what type of molecule might that be?

36. Differentiate between a point and a frameshift mutation.

37. Why are mutations necessary for evolution to occur?

38. What are restriction enzymes?

39. When DNA has been digested what are the “sticky ends”?

40. Describe what a gel electrophoresis is and some of its uses.

41. Name the process which results from the production of organisms that are genetically identical.

42. What is the human genome?

UNIT 7 – History and Organization of Biological Diversity

43. In what kind of rock are fossils typically found?

44. What can be learned by studying fossils? Is the fossil record complete?

45. Differentiate between relative dating and radiometric dating. Which is related to the Law of superposition?

46. Given the half-life of an element determine the age of a rock/fossil. Ex: The half-life of Chlorine - 36 is 300,000 years old. How old is the rock if only 25% of the original remains and 75% has decayed into Argon -36?

47. Differentiate between spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

48. List three characteristics of the earliest organisms on Earth?

49. Given the following: synthesis of proteins, abiotic synthesis of amino acids and other organic molecules, evolution of cells, and development of a genetic code which proper sequence would support the origins of life.

50. Define the term evolution. Define natural selection. How are the two related?

51. What observations did Darwin make on his voyage to the Galapogos Islands?

52. List the 4 parts to Darwin’s theory about the origin of species.

53. Define the terms homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures and give an example of each.

54. Describe the Hardy-Weinberg Principle.

55. What is genetic drift and in what size population does it have the greatest affect?

56. What ways might genetic equilibrium be upset? Would this be beneficial? Why or why not?

57. Explain the difference between divergent and convergent evolution. Give an example of each.

58. What is binomial nomenclature and why is it important to biological classification?

59. List the biological taxa from most general to most specific. Which two taxa make up an organisms scientific name? If organisms have many taxa in common, are they closely or distantly related?

60. What is phylogeny?

61. Differentiate between cladistics and a cladogram. Be able to read and interpret a cladogram.

62. What is a molecular clock?

UNIT 8 – Principles of Ecology

63. Given the following terms biosphere, biome, ecosystem, organism, communities, populations how would an ecologist list these in biological sequence?

64. Differentiate between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. Give examples.

65. Differentiate between niche and habit. Give an example of each.

66. Identify three different types of symbiotic relationships. Give an example of each.

67. Concerning a food chain:

a. Within a food chain, is energy or matter recycled? Which is constantly renewed by the sun?

b. What is an autotroph. Give an example. Are these organisms in the beginning or end of a food chain? Are they the most or least plentiful in terms of energy, biomass and numbers?

c. Why are most food chains only 3-4 links long?

d. What types of organisms would be considered heterotrophs and consumers? What would determine if they were also considered a predator?

e. What type of organism ends every food chain? What important function do they serve?

f. Why is a food web more realistic than a food chain?

68. Define the term biome.

69. Discuss the similarities and differences between primary and secondary succession.

70. What is a limiting factor? Give some examples.

71. Define the term carrying capacity.

72. When would a population experience exponential growth? What shaped curve would best illustrate this?

73. Conserving biodiversity:

a. What is the most common measure of biodiversity?

b. What is the biggest threat to biodiversity?

c. What happens to biodiversity as you move away from the equator or reduce the amount of space, like on a smaller island?

d. What are the advantages to maintaining biodiversity? Do humans benefit?

74. Define the terms: extinction, habitat fragmentation, habitat corridor

75. Give some examples of habitat degradation.

76. What are the functions of nature preserves?

77. What is the main focus of conservation biology?

ALL Final Review Sessions will be held in during class June 1-8! Come with your review completed so you know what questions to ask!

Unit 5/6 Review – June 1/2

Unit 6/7 Review – June 3/4

Unit 7/8 Review – June 5/8

General Questions – per. 1-6 June 9

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