Grade 12 Revision sheet Bio A6
Section: The Cardiovascular System
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What are the four materials distributed by the cardiovascular system?
2. What role does the cardiovascular system play in the distribution of these materials?
3. Describe the structure and function of the atria and ventricles.
Study the following steps in the path of blood flow through the heart. Determine the order in which the steps take place, beginning with blood returning to the heart from the upper body. Write the number of each step in the space provided.
4. The vena cava sends oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.
5. The right ventricle sends blood to the pulmonary arteries.
6. The left atrium sends blood to the left ventricle.
7. The pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium.
8. The left ventricle sends blood to the aorta.
9. The aorta sends blood to the coronary arteries and the rest of the body.
10. The pulmonary arteries send blood to the lungs.
11. The right atrium sends blood to the right ventricle.
12. What is your pulse?
13. Describe the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.
14. plasma
15. red blood cells
16. hemoglobin
17. white blood cells
18. platelets
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
19. Type A blood produces antibodies against
a. B antigens. c. A antigens.
b. O antigens. d. All of the above
20. Individuals with type AB blood can donate blood to individuals with
a. type O blood. c. type A blood.
b. O antigens. d. type AB blood.
21. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
a. to carry hormones to body cells
b. to return leaked fluids to the blood
c. to help the body maintain blood compatibility
d. to help the body maintain a steady temperature
ANSWER KEY
1. nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and wastes
2. They are carried in the blood to different parts of the body. Specifically, the blood carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from digested food to body cells and takes cellular wastes from cells to the urinary system.
3. The atria are thin walled and pump blood just to the ventricles. The ventricles are thick walled and pump blood to either the lungs or to the rest of the body.
4. 1
5. 3
6. 6
7. 5
8. 7
9. 8
10. 4
11. 2
12. Your pulse is a rhythmic stretching of the blood vessels leading away from the heart. It is caused by the pressure of blood pushing out of the heart’s left ventricle.
13. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, have muscular walls, and are elastic. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of substances between the blood and the fluid around cells. Veins return blood to the heart. Veins have thinner muscular walls than arteries do and have one-way valves that prevent the backward flow of blood.
14. e
15. a
16. b
17. c
18. d
19. a
20. d
21. b
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What information does the first sentence of the passage convey to the reader?
2. The suffix -ole means “small or little.” How would knowing the common meaning of this word part help you define the term arteriole?
3. What definition is given in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
4. The passage describes five types of blood vessels. In what order would blood leaving the heart flow through these blood vessels?
5. What is the function of the elastic fibers found in an artery’s walls?
The figure below shows blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Insert the following labels on the figure: arterioles, artery, capillaries, connective tissue, smooth muscle, vein, and venules.
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the statement.
13. All of the following substances are exchanged in the capillaries except
a. nutrients. c. hormones.
b. red blood cells. d. gases
ANSWER KEY
1. Blood circulates through the body through a network of vessels.
2. By breaking down the term into its word parts, you would determine that an arteriole is a “small” or “little” artery.
3. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, nutrients, hormones, and other molecules traveling in blood.
4. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
5. These elastic fibers enable the blood vessel to expand to accommodate a pulse of blood ejected into the artery from the heart.
6. capillaries
7. venules
8. arterioles
9. connective tissue
10. smooth muscle
11. artery
12. vein
13. b
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.
1. artery
2. vein
3. cardiovascular system
4. lymphatic system
5. platelets
6. plasma
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
7. A vessel with a thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that allow for expansion is
a. a vein. c. a capillary.
b. an artery. d. All of the above
8. Swollen lymph nodes can be an indication of
a. too much fluid in the body.
b. too little fluid in the body.
c. an infection.
d. no bacteria or viruses in the body.
9. From which of the following does the right atrium receive blood?
a. pulmonary arteries
b. pulmonary veins
c. aorta
d. superior vena cava
10. Antigens on the surface of red blood cells include
a. A antigens. c. Rh antigens.
b. B antigens. d. All of the above
ANSWERS: section: the cardiovascular system
1. c 6. b
2. e 7. c
3. f 8. c
4. a 9. d
5. d 10. d
Section: The Respiratory System
Study the following steps in the path of air through the respiratory system. Determine the order in which the steps take place, beginning with air entering the body. Write the number of each step in the space provided.
1. Air enters the alveoli.
2. Air enters the pharynx and then the larynx.
3. Air enters the bronchi.
4. Oxygen enters the capillaries.
5. Air enters the trachea.
6. Air enters the nose or mouth.
7. Air enters the bronchioles.
Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided.
8. Breathing occurs because of air pressure differences in the ______.
9. When the diaphragm and rib muscles ______, the chest cavity gets larger and you ______air.
10. When the diaphragm and rib muscles ______, the chest cavity returns to its resting position and you ______air.
11. Receptors in the brain and ______continually monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
12. What are the three forms in which carbon dioxide is carried by blood?
13. Why does hemoglobin accept oxygen molecules in the lungs, but give up oxygen molecules in tissue?
14. Distinguish between asthma and emphysema.
15. What is lung cancer and what causes it?
ANSWER KEY:
1. 6
2. 2
3. 4
4. 7
5. 3
6. 1
7. 5
8. chest cavity
9. contract, inhale
10. relax, exhale
11. cardiovascular system
12. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions, dissolved in plasma, and attached to hemoglobin molecules.
13. The oxygen content of the blood near the lungs is very high, so the hemoglobin carries a full load of oxygen. In the tissues, the oxygen content is much lower. Also, carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic and causes the hemoglobin to assume a different shape, which gives up oxygen more easily.
14. In asthma, the bronchioles of the lungs become inflamed because of their sensitivity to irritants in the air that is inhaled, reducing air flow. In emphysema, the elastic fibers in the lungs are destroyed, resulting in constant fatigue and breathlessness.
15. Lung cancer is abnormal cell growth in lung tissue. About 90% of lung cancers are caused by smoking.
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What is the function of the respiratory system?
2. Trace the path of a breath of air from the nose to the bloodstream.
3. How does the epiglottis prevent choking?
4. Where does gas exchange actually occur?
The figure below illustrates the parts of the respiratory system. Label the following parts of this system: alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, capillaries, larynx, lung, pharynx, and trachea.
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the statement.
13. The function of nasal hair is to
a. warm air entering the respiratory system.
b. expel waste gases.
c. filter foreign particles from incoming air.
d. Both (a) and (b)
ANSWER KEY:
1. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
2. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, blood.
3. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the larynx and prevents food and liquids from passing into the lungs.
4. between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries
5. pharynx
6. larynx
7. trachea
8. lung
9. bronchi
10. bronchioles
11. capillaries
12. alveoli
13. c
Section: The Respiratory System
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
1. The respiratory system consists of which of the following structures and organs?
a. tonsils, thymus, spleen, and red bone marrow
b. lymph nodes and lymph vessels
c. lungs, respiratory passages, and diaphragm
d. blood, blood vessels, and heart
2. What occurs when the air pressure in the chest cavity increases?
a. inhalation c. exhalation
b. the diaphragm contracts d. the rib cage moves up and out
3. Breathing rate can be affected by which of the following factors?
a. the level of carbon dioxide in the blood
b. the level of oxygen in the blood
c. the amount of acid in the blood
d. All of the above
4. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the
a. bronchi. c. bronchioles.
b. alveoli. d. All of the above
5. Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include all of the following except
a. stroke. c. emphysema.
b. asthma. d. lung cancer.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term.
6. diaphragm
7. pharynx
8. alveoli
9. trachea
10. bronchi
ANSWER KEY:
section: the respiratory system
1. c 6. c
2. c 7. a
3. d 8. d
4. b 9. c
5. a 10. b