ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (UKL) AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (UPL) FOR
POST-TSUNAMI HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION ATKREUNG NO HILLSIDE RELOCATION SITE R1,
SAMPOINIET SUB-DISTRICT, ACEHJAYA DISTRICT, PROVINCE OF NANGGROEACEHDARUSSALAM
PREFACE
Canadian Red Cross (CRC) plans to build 31 units of post-tsunami permanent housing for some former residents of Kreung No, SampoinietSub-District, Aceh Jaya Regency,on 2.5 ha of land cleared from the forest in hills approximately 1.5 km inland from the original coastal location of the village.
A document describing Environmental Management Activities and Environmental Monitoring Activities (UKL/UPL) has been prepared in cooperation with consultants from PT Hatfield Indonesia. The document is in response to requirements in Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 308/2005 and other relevant legislation. CRC will serve as the key responsible agency throughout the pre-construction and construction phases, whereas during the post-construction phase, the responsibility will be turned over to the community. In the transitionperiod, CRC will still be responsible for strengthening community capacity for environmentally-aware village management.
CRC is committed to implementing effective environmental management practices, and to complying with all applicable laws and regulations. House design, project planning, materials sourcing, contractor selection and management, housing construction, infrastructure needs, and community planning will be conducted with the aim of minimising adverse environmental impacts, and promoting environmental sustainability.
This document focusses on the particular needs of post-tsunami reconstruction, and does not include detailed consideration of issues related to community and regional infrastructure needs, and coordination with the construction of houses in neighbouring areas. In future, it will be essential to prepare more integrated environmental management and monitoring plans covering all environmentally-related areas.
We extend our appreciation to the various parties who have been engaged in the preparation of these documents.
Warmest Regards,
Canadian Red Cross
Richard Langford-Johnson
Senior Construction Manager
table of contents
PREFACE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIES
1.1Appendix II Ministry of Environment Decree 308/2005
I.IDENTITY OF INITIATOR
II.PLAN OF ACTIVITIES
III.QUESTIONNAIRE (LIST OF TESTS)
1.2Summary of potential environmental impacts
2.0SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM
3.0ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES (UKL)
3.1Pre-construction phase
3.1.1Land Acquisition
3.1.2Flora and Fauna
3.1.3Risk of Flooding
3.1.4Raw Material Sources
3.1.5Water Supply and Distribution
3.1.6Wastewater Disposal
3.1.7Community Relations
3.2Construction phase
3.2.1Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies
3.2.1.1Bricks
3.2.1.2Lumber
3.2.2Transportation of Materials and Supplies
3.2.2.1Safety
3.2.2.2Environment and Public Health
3.2.3Water Supply and Distribution
3.2.4Wastewater Disposal
3.2.4.1Flooding
3.2.5Solid Waste Management
3.2.6Community Health
3.2.7Community Relations
3.2.8Business and Work Opportunities
3.3Post-construction phase
3.3.1Water Supply
3.3.2Wastewater Disposal
3.3.3Flood Control
3.3.4Solid Waste Management
3.3.5Landscaping
3.3.6Facilities Maintenance
3.3.7Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training
3.3.8Business Opportunities and Livelihoods
4.0ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (UPL)
4.1Pre-construction phase
4.1.1Land Acquisition
4.1.2Flora and Fauna
4.1.3Risk of Flooding
4.1.4Raw Material Sources
4.1.5Water Supply and Distribution
4.1.6Wastewater Disposal
4.1.7Community Relations
4.2Construction phase
4.2.1Raw Material Sources and Construction Supplies
4.2.2Transportation of Materials and Supplies
4.2.2.1Safety, Environment, and Health
4.2.3Water Supply and Distribution
4.2.4Wastewater Disposal
4.2.4.1Flooding
4.2.5Solid Waste Management
4.2.6Community Health
4.2.7Community Relations
4.2.8Business and Work Opportunities
4.3Post-construction phase
4.3.1Water Supply and Distribution
4.3.2Wastewater Disposal
4.3.3Flood Control
4.3.4Solid Waste Management
4.3.5Landscaping
4.3.6Facilities Maintenance
4.3.7Environmental Awareness, Education, and Training
4.3.8Business Opportunities and Livelihoods
4.4RESPONSIBLE agencies and FUNDING for UKL/UPL
list of tables
Table 1.1Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – construction phase.
Table 1.2Potential sources, types, and magnitude of environmental impacts – post-construction (occupation) phase.
Table 4.1Implementation of environmental management activities (UKL) and environmental monitoring activities (UPL).
Table B1UKL Matrix...... 51
Table B2UPL Matrix...... 54
list of figures
Figure 1Temporary housing from southeast hillside.
Figure 2Temporary houses and gardens north end of site.
Figure 3Temporary houses and gardens.
Figure 4Overview of housing site from new logging road.
Figure 5Temporary houses from west hillside.
Figure 6Clearcut hillsides near relocation site.
Figure 7Clearcut hillside on west side of site.
Figure 8Panorama of logged area immediately above housing site.
Figure 9Panorama of housing site from west hillside.
Figure 10Logging on proposed road to coast at north end of site.
Figure 11New logging road at north end of site.
Figure 12Mid-level of new logging road near site.
Figure 13Forest clearing and housing 100 metres north of site.
Figure 14Cleared area north of site.
Figure 15April 2007. Log bridge to forest at north end of site.
Figure 16July 2007. Concrete replacing log bridge; land cleared.
Figure 17New trail into forest from concrete bridge.
Figure 18Satellite image of relocation area.
list of appendixes
Appendix AWater Quality Assessment
Appendix BUKL and UPL Matrixes
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Overview
This report contains environmental management and monitoring plans (UKL/UPL)resulting from an environmental assessment of potential impacts from housing reconstruction to be undertaken by the Canadian Red Cross (CRC) at a relocation site for some survivors of the December 26, 2004 tsunami fromKreung No village, Kecamatan (Sub-district) Sampoiniet, Kabupaten (Regency) Aceh Jaya,Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Before the tsunami, Kreung No consisted of four coastal dusuns (hamlets): Suka Makmur, Kuta No, Bahagia, and Bangka, with a total of 396 people in 99 households. The tsunami destroyed or irreparably damaged all buildings in the village with considerable loss of life. The current population was stated to be 428 people in 118 households, some of whom have moved from other villages. A majority of the newcomers are from locations not in the CRC Shelter Program.
CRC plans to assist with the construction 31 houses for some survivors of the disaster on a 2.5 ha forest site (designated relocation site R1) already cleared by the villagers in the hills at about 60 m elevation above sea level, 1.5 km inland by a steep track fromthe original coastal site of Kreung No. CRC housing for some of the other former residents will be constructed near the original village site on the coast. A separate UKL/UPL has been prepared for this location.
The environmental assessment was conducted using the questionnaire approach specified in Regulation 308/2005 concerning Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Management Activities, and Environmental Monitoring Activities for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and the Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatra. Information was obtained through on-site observations, and interviews and informal discussions with village officials, local residents, and specialists in construction, water, and sanitation.
Cautionary Observations
The assessment found that there has already been considerable removal of hillside forest vegetation and wildlife habitat, and construction of roads and trails by the villagers at the proposed site and in the surrounding area. An estimated 15 - 20 ha of land has been cleared. This has not been authorised or requested by CRC. A consequence of the clear-cutting is that steep hillside slopes above the proposed site are now exposed and are potentially vulnerable to landslides, erosion, and flash floods during heavy or extended rainfall. The villagers have plans for further logging and vegetation clearance for additional housing, a school and other facilities, and for a loop road back to the coast.
Under Regulation 308/2005, a detailed ecological assessment is not required, but based on observations on-site and information from local elders and other residents, wildlife known to frequent the area includes monkeys, tigers, elephants, deer, and pigs. Further incursion by the community into forested watersheds may also adversely affect water supplies. Hillside spring water is the only suitable option for the relocation site, and is also the best available source of supply for Kreung No coastal site. Long-term responsibility for management of these issues lies with government agencies, such as the Ministries of Forests, Environment, and Public Works. However, creating the opportunity and circumstances under which these impacts are enabled and facilitated is a responsibility of the project proponent.
There is controversy and conflict between residents who wish to remain on the coast and some village officials who are advocating relocation to the hillside site. The community needs to develop strategic planning and processes for good governance and harmonious internal relationships.
Water supply and distribution, and sanitation and wastewater treatment facilities will be designed and installed for the 31 CRC houses by American Red Cross. However, village officials have plans for an additional 50 houses and community facilities to be constructed at the relocation site by one or more other agencies. It is unclear what arrangements will be made regarding water and sanitation infrastructure for these expansions to the site.
A further concern is the need for new means of livelihood for villagers accustomed to a coastal existence,where the principal occupations were fishing, farming, and trading based on highway traffic. In a hillside/forest environment these sources of livelihood will not be feasible for the most part. There is unauthorised logging in the area, and it is inevitable that this activity will increase given the improved access to forest resources. Relocation to the hillside will also require changes in goods, services, and the human circulation system, including road access, power supply, and community facilities.
UKL/UPL Scope and Key Issues
CRC will be responsible for management of material procurement for, and construction of, 31 houses and, in conjunction with other NGOs, will assist with the provision of some community facilities and infrastructure needs. American Red Cross (ARC) has responsibility for planning and implementing water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) requirements.
CRC has developed environmental management and monitoring plans (UKL/UPL) for pre-construction and construction phases to address potential impacts related to:
- the acquisition of raw materials and supplies for housing construction, in particular gravel, rock, soil, sand, wood, and bricks;
- transportation of construction materials;
- on-site construction activities;
- construction waste disposal;
- water supply and distribution (American Red Cross WATSAN);
- sanitation and wastewater disposal (American Red Cross WATSAN); and
- in-migration of construction workers.
However, it is not feasible to provide a comprehensive UKL/UPL that addresses all the significant environmental impacts identified during the assessment, since many are not amenable to practical mitigation efforts, and some are outside the purview of CRC’s mandate. The following key issues, which encompass all phases of the project, cannot be effectively incorporated into this UKL/UPL:
- Deforestation and loss of wildlife habitat due to site clearing and expansion.
- Displacement of wildlife and interference with their movement.
- Vulnerability of the housing site to flash floods, erosion, and landslides due to storm water run-off from surrounding deforested hillsides.
- Expansion of unauthorised logging facilitated by the establishment of a community in the hills, and road and trail access to new areas.
- Increased risk of watershed damage and consequent adverse impacts on community water supply.
- In-migration of people from other villages and locations, including ex-GAM members.
- Construction of additional housing and facilities at the site that are not under CRC mandate.
- Conflicts between villagers advocating a move to the hillside relocation site and those wishing to remain on the coast.
- Retraining for livelihoods suited to a hillside forest location, compared with the previous traditional coast-based lifestyle.
CRC Environmental Assessment, UKL/UPL, Kreung No hillside relocation site R1 / 1 / PT Hatfield Indonesia
1.0ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIES
1.1Appendix II Ministry of Environment Decree 308/2005
I.IDENTITY OF INITIATOR
Name of organisation: / Canadian Red Cross (CRC)Address: / Jl. Ajun Jeumpet No. 18B, Desa Ajun Jeumpet, Aceh Besar 23353
II.PLAN OF ACTIVITIES
Name of planned activity: / House constructionLocation: / Kreung No hillside relocation site R1, Sampoiniet sub-district, Aceh Jaya district, Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Description of activities: / Construct permanent houses for qualified tsunami survivors
Scale of activities: / A total of 31 houses on cleared land in a forested area at an elevation of approximately 60 m above sea level, about 1.5 km inland from the coastal village location
Main components of
planned activities: / Site preparation, house construction, and community infrastructure
III.QUESTIONNAIRE (LIST OF TESTS)
A. LAND USE
No. / CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION / YES / NO / DESCRIPTIONA-1 / Are planned activities situated in and / or have direct boundaries with: / The housing development is in the same water catchment as the village supply.
Risk of earthquake, landslides
- protected forest area
- peat area
- water catchment area
- river embankments
- the vicinity of lake/dam
- the vicinity of a water spring
- nature reserve area (consisting of nature preserve, wildlife reserve, tourism forest, core protection area, and animal protection area)
- marine nature reserve area and other waters (including seawater, fresh waters, coastal area, river estuary, coral groups or coral reefs, and atolls which have unique characteristics, such as diversity and / or unique ecosystem)
- mangrove forest
- national park
- forest park
- natural tourism park
- culture and science preserve area (including karst area; area with special community culture; area with ancient sites or high value artifacts)
- natural disaster prone area.
A-2 / Are there any conflicts in the spatial planning with other activities currently being carried out or planned for the future? / x
Spatial conflicts have occurred, and more are inevitable, as a result of intrusion into forest habitat. The site currently has 45 temporary houses and associated access roads (Figures 1 -4). There is, as yet, no site plan for the new permanent community.
B. LAND AND SOIL
B-1 / Will the project acquire land from the community or other legal entities? If yes, what is the total area needed and the procedure for acquisition? / x YesNo
A total of approximately 2.5 ha of forested land has been cleared by the villagers for 31 houses (45 m2 each), community facilities, and infrastructure in a “bowl” in the hills (Figures 1, 4, 5) at an approximate elevation of 60 metres above sea level, and 1.5 km by steep uphill trail from the coast. An estimated total of 15 – 20 ha of previously forested land surrounding the site has also been cleared (Figures 6, 7), and some is being used for crop cultivation (Figures 1, 3, 7). Land for the housing area is reportedly privately owned. Current status of negotiations for acquiring the land is not known.
B-2 / Will the project cause slope instability or build levees which have high risk of slippage? / x Yes
No
Cleared hillside areas are steep (Figures 6, 7), and removal of vegetation poses risks of slope instability and land slippage.
B-3 / Will project activities cause large scale changes in the landscape or remove a large amount of soil? / x Yes
No
Large-scale changes in the landscape have already occurred as a result of forest clearing (Figures 8, 9). Additional changes are underway as roads and trails are built into the surrounding forest and hillsides (Figures 10 - 17).
B-4 / Will project activities remove agricultural land, production forest, or other productive land? / x Yes
No
Productive forest has been removed by villagers as part of their site preparation, and expansion into surrounding areas.
B-5 / Will project activities change the contour of a coastline, hinder drainage, or disturb river flow? / Yes
x No
B-6 / Will project activities permanently damage, cover, fill, or alter unique landscape? / Yes
x No
The forest landscape is not unique, but it has been, and continues to be, damaged by project-related activities.
B-7 / Will project activities cause enhanced soil erosion due to water or wind? / x Yes
No
The steep hillsides around the proposed housing site have been cleared and appear to be susceptible to erosion and landslides from rainfall run-off (Figures 5 - 9). Erosion is also likely in locations where soil needed for fill is excavated unless controls are implemented.
B-8 / Will project activities restrict the use of land for other uses in the long term? / x Yes
No
Forest clearance and construction of permanent houses will eliminate other possible uses of the land.
C.AIR QUALITY, CLIMATE
C-1 / Will project activities release air emissions that are estimated to exceed environmental quality standards, or which may decrease ambient air quality? / x YesNo
During construction, there will be road dust and vehicle emissions from transport of materials and on-site activities, such as unloading and transfer of some materials, which will affect air quality temporarily. Post-construction, smoke from village household fires may be trapped in the sheltered hillside bowl area, adversely affecting local air quality.
C-2 / Will project activities cause changes in wind direction, humidity or temperature? / Yes
x No
C-3 / Will project activities cause objectionable odours? / Yes
x No
D.WATER
D-1 / Will project activities use surface water during the construction and operation phase? / x YesNo
Small volumes of freshwater will be needed for cement making and other miscellaneous cleaning and washing needs. The water will have to be obtained from hillside springs. Laboratory analysis results are shown in Table A4, Appendix A for a sample of spring water from a storage tank on the site.
D-2 / Will project activities discharge liquid waste to a river, lake, or seawater which may cause changes in water quality, including changes in temperature and turbidity? / Yes
x No
Wastewater discharge methods and locations have not yet been determined. However, except for rainwater runoff, no direct discharges of liquid waste to surface waters are expected from CRC houses. Wastewater from additional housing and facilities provided by other agencies or the villagers may not be treated.
D-3 / Will project activities involve the use of groundwater? Does the removal of groundwater potentially disturb the direction of flow and flow rate of groundwater. / Yes
x No
American Red Cross (ARC) WATSAN (water and sanitation) is responsible for assessing water sources and wastewater collection and treatment requirements and installing suitable facilities. It is unlikely that groundwater will be used as a supply in this hillside location.
D-4 / Will the project involve construction which may disturb the flow and flow rate of groundwater? / Yes
x No
D-5 / Will the project cause changes in groundwater quality? If yes, define the variables that will impact groundwater temporarily or permanently, and the area of impact, as well as management measures. / x Yes
No
Adverse effects on shallow groundwater quality are possible as a result of disposal of liquid wastes from households. Effects may include increases in coliform organisms, BOD, and nutrients. However, engineered treatment solutions are planned for wastewater discharges from CRC houses.
D-6 / Will the project cause pollution of groundwater used to meet the residents’ water needs? / Yes
x No
As noted in D-3, it is unlikely that residents will use groundwater supply sources. As noted in D-5, wastewater discharges from the new houses may affect shallow groundwater quality, but the impacts will be mitigated by proposed treatment options at CRC houses.
D-7 / Will the project produce significant quantities of domestic liquid waste (WC, kitchen wash water, use by employees or visitors, etc.)? If so, from where, and what volume? Explain management measures for the waste. / x Yes
No
The number of villagers planning to reside in Kreung No relocation site R1 has not yet been determined. Assuming an average of three persons per household, as is the case in other villages, there would be a population of 93 in CRC-sponsored housing. Assuming a maximum use of 100 litres (L) water per person per day, plus an additional 20% for community and business use, and that 80% of the water is discharged, the total volume of liquid waste from CRC houses will be 8,640 L/day. However, village officials are planning to construct an additional 50 houses and community facilities in the surrounding forests and hillsides. The total discharge from the community would then be approximately 23,000 L/day. Wastewater from the additional houses and facilities may not be treated.
D-8 / Will the project cause enhanced risk of flooding? / x Yes
No
There is a potential for flash floods in the residential areas caused by run-off from newly cleared hillsides during heavy rainfall(Figures 5 - 9).
E.SOLID WASTE