Chapter 38 BWV 125 Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin
I go in peace and joy.
Choral/fantasia--aria (alto)--recit/chorale (bass)--duet (tenor/bass)--recit (alto)--chorale.
The thirty-seventh cantata of the cycle for the Purification.
This is one of five surviving cantatas for the Purification of the Virgin Mary. Boyd (p 296) lists the others as Cs 158, 83, 82 and 157 and the serious student may wish to compare and contrast them all. Such a study is outside the scope of these volumes but brief comparisons may be illuminating.
One obvious point is the lack of choruses in all except C 125. C 82 (1727) does not even boast the usual simple chorale at the end and is one of that relatively rare group of cantatas for a single voice, in this case the bass. Interestingly, C 157 from the same year also emphasizes the use of the deeper voices, tenor and bass.
Despite the splendid alto aria in C 125, it seems, for some reason, that the lower voices of tenor and bass were used much more in the cantatas for the Purification than the higher ones. Whether this is coincidental or if there is some underlying symbolic reason is not known. Might it have been thought inappropriate to have used the soprano voice, albeit sung by a boy but most suggestive of a woman, in these works?
Whatever the background, this cantata delivers a balanced emotional palette, something which we may expect from Bach although not in every work. C 122 for example, is a more emotionally contained composition (chapter 31). But in C 125, whilst we discover sadness, poignancy and even fear, by contrast it would be difficult to find a more extrovertly ebullient movement than the tenor and bass duet. Once again Bach seizes the opportunity to use the final aria to paint a very different picture from that which precedes it.
Anyone who knows Bach's music well cannot help but make comparisons between the first movement of this and that of the Saint Matthew Passion. But when one writes as much music as Bach there are bound to be convergences of key, time signature and even motive. These may or may not be significant and in this case are probably not except for the fact that Bach did seem to have particular associations with the key of E minor. The Crucifixus is the only movement of the B minor Mass in that key and there are similar resonances in C 4 (chapter 42) and C 12 (vol 1, chapter 52).
But in this opening chorus the emphasis is more upon the individual's path to God approached through the inevitability and acceptance of death----I depart quietly, joyfully and peacefully---- God has promised me that my death will be but a sleep. Unlike the less moving and somewhat 'matter of fact' text and music for C 122, this lyric is rich with imagery and undertones; death, sleep, a journey of departure, peace and consolation are some of the intertwined themes and images. Bach is always at his most creative and imaginative when dealing with such complexities.
The time signature of the fantasia is, unusually, 9/8, used fewer than half a dozen times in the fantasias. It is also to be found in the first movement of C 123 (chapter 33) but in neither case does it have the character of a gigue or a pastorale. The two movements share a certain pensive quality although it is worth noting the predominant downward direction of the initial musical motive in C 123 and the upward one in this. Another fantasia of this cycle to be set in 9/8 is that from C 96 (chapter 19) where the major mode is used and the mood is more pastoral.
The instrumental ritornello of this fantasia is one of Bach’s most richly inventive. Flute and oboe imitate and entwine around each other above the continuo line and broken upper string parts which Schweitzer (vol 2, p361) interprets as 'the weary, uncertain steps of the pilgrim of heaven'. Steps perhaps, but the text seems more concerned with peace and consolation than with movement or fatigue. The figuration continues to stretch endlessly upwards and there is throughout a feeling of compliant resignation. There are some movements which we can tell from the opening two or three bars are going to be substantial and significant; this is one of them.
By now aficionados will have become attuned to the sheer range and complexity of Bach's writing for the voices not carrying the chorale melody. To call them 'supporting' would be to mislead; the sheer variety of technical and structural devices is quite amazing. Furthermore, Bach often finds ways of manipulating the themes, rhythms and textures of these voices to make all sorts of metaphorical suggestions. If he relegates his lower voices to doing little more than providing the harmonic framework, it more likely to occur in the final chorales. The vocal writing for the fantasias, on the other hand, offers a never-ending source of musical and symbolic interest, sometimes overt, at other times abstruse and enigmatic but never less than musically invigorating.
Of the six chorale entries, the first three are treated similarly. The lower voices enter imitatively always in the order tenor, alto, bass using either the opening motive or other material taken directly from the ritornello. They entwine and support the soprano's cantus firmus almost as if to sustain the resigned and peaceful soul on its journey to heaven. And so, in the hands of a lesser composer, this process might have continued.
But Bach is the master of manipulating his choral forces to paint the subtlest of shades of meaning. On the fourth and shortest phrase expressing the words 'calm and quietness', the order of entries is altered (S, A, B) and all voices die away, simply harmonized in the remote key of G minor. One bar later (bar 52) even the orchestra comes to a halt for a brief moment of reflection, an unusual event in movements of this type.
The writing underpinning phrase five is somewhat more assertive, perhaps to emphasise God's given promise. But it is the final entry that catches our breath. This is the setting of the line-----death has been transformed into sleep. Counterpoint is now abandoned in the choir, and f naturals appear in both the chorale melody and harmony, allowing the highly expressive Neapolitan chord to tug at the emotions.
Here can be no better example of Bach's vocal writing, artfully and imaginatively manipulated so as to convey an explicit textual concept whilst simultaneously illuminating and infusing it with the emotions it suggests. This is a symphonic poem, the magnitude and depth of which ranks with those of C 101 and 103 and the opening choruses of the great Passions.
There is no recitative to break the mood or interject what might have been an inappropriate note of drama or narrative. Instead we have another moderately slow, heavily minor-mode movement. The text informs us that even with failed vision----blindness or a fractured body----faith still remains strong. The last two lines reassure us that Jesus cares even in death, there being no good reason for sorrow. We have then, a stanza in which the first four lines deal with the body's decay and the last two (from bar 80) with Christ's support and sustenance.
And even the ritornello has been constructed so as to mirror these different ideas. The first ten bars involve the flute and oboe moving together in a series of broken, drooping motives and dotted rhythms representing the lurches of the blind and the fracturing of the body. But just as we come to the cadence heralding the alto entry, dotted notes become evenly flowing semi-quavers, falling directions become rising and, just for an instant, the music represents hope and acceptance as we pass through the barrier of death (bars 11-12).
The long drawn out notes on Sterben----dying----conjure up images of the final death rattles. But even here, and at odd other moments throughout this extended movement, the little semi-quaver figures of hope remind us that Jesus still watches over us. It is, indeed, a statement of great beauty and subtlety in which Bach has, as always, responded imaginatively to the challenge of representing quasi-opposing ideas within the same movement.
The following bass hybrid recitative is more than usually richly accompanied by a reiterated flickering figure on the upper strings. Bach has interwoven an embellished version of the chorale into the texture, sung by the bass in one long line of continuous melody.
The recitative sections are supported by the usual slow moving continuo bass with a minimum of chords. Aurally Bach clarifies the structure by ensuring that whenever sections of the chorale are sung, the continuo breaks into patterns of moving quavers, (first heard in bar 10). He is usually keen to highlight the appearance of the chorale phrases in these hybrid movements, and the bass line serves the purpose of drawing specific attention to them. In a sense this is no more than a unifying structural device although it may too have had another function. Did Bach have so little faith his congregations’ perceptiveness that he supposed they might not have recognized the chorale phrases particularly when richly embellished?
It seems unlikely that he would feel the need to do something so obvious, particularly when he hearken back to the complex layers of metaphoric meanings embedded within the choral writing of the fantasia. But those may have been intended principally for God whose perception of the music’s structure and detail we could assume to be more acute than those who would hear these works perhaps only once every five years! Mere humans may well have needed a little additional guidance in their aural journey through the structures and symbolism of these intense works!
The little sparklets on the upper strings suggest the last flickerings of life, but certainly not in any tragic sense; Schweitzer would include them in his list of figures of joy. The text is still preoccupied with the idea of passing into the next life, but not negative. The essential moral is that we should not fear death; it is simply a passageway to salvation. Note how the recitative concludes with the convoluted last line of the chorale at the mention of death and dying. The ultimate objective is noble and to be celebrated but the process may still be painful and Bach reminds us of the inevitable death rattles.
At first sight the bass and tenor duet might seem to have come from another work such is the complete change of mood it creates. It portrays the euphoria associated with the culmination of the journey pictured so painfully in the alto aria. The text tells us of a great light filling the circle of the earth as God's word suffuses and blesses everyone. All fears of death are now gone but the universal wonder of salvation remains.
Interestingly, Bach does not use the violas here although clearly, from their use in the first movement, they were available. One guesses that he wanted to focus upon the brightness of the great light and the higher strings would best suggest this. Or perhaps the viola players put down their instruments to swell the ranks of the violins. But for added brilliance why no flute, also available as we found, in the fantasia?
We saw how the motives which formed the material for the ritornello of the alto aria directly mirrored the text. Similarly here the close imitation of the initial motive on strings, afterwards on voices, suggests the 'spreading out' of the enigmatic light around the corners of the earth. This idea is reinforced by the long convoluted melismas on Kries----the circle (of the world)----from bars 8 and 15. The echoing of God's word is clearly portrayed by the overlapping of voices and strings in the middle section where the final melisma on selig----blessed----underlines the principal idea that mankind is, indeed, blessed if it can aspire to salvation by means of the Holy Promise. The feelings of liberated bliss which this movement expresses are simply Bach's communication of the rapture associated with divine deliverance.
The alto recitative does little more than elaborate the theme of God's boundless compassion and our response to it. But note the unexpected chord on the line ein Stuhl der Gnaden----a throne of clemency. This is the seat of all compassion and salvation and Bach underlines the point by means of a kind of musical italic.
The closing chorale is rather oddly and awkwardly phrased, something which would have both challenged and stimulated Bach in the writing of the fantasia. The text reiterates the image of the light of the Lord illuminating and nurturing all. Perhaps the rising bass scale at the beginning symbolises this.
The final verse affirms that God shines forth and nurtures all people in their quest for salvation. For this we should praise Him. Clearly there now is no further reason to fear death.
LINK: http://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV125.htm
Copyright: J Mincham 2010.