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Chapter 18 Study Guide
World History AP
Chapter 18 Summary
After the French Revolution had released the forces of change, they were hard to control in Europe and the rest of the world. In 1848 a series of revolutions swept across Europe, and while most of them failed, ultimately their goals would be achieved. Both Italy and Germany were forged into unified nations, and many western nations developed parliamentary systems with more representation. Nationalism spurred fierce rivalries that when combined with technological and military developments set the stage for potentially devastating conflicts. A second revolution also spread across Europe – the Industrial Revolution. The developments in technology and machinery would transform the lives of all parts of society. Some would achieve great material prosperity, while others would be subjected to de-humanizing working and living conditions.
Chapter 18 Outline
Industrial Revolution and Its Impact
Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Changes in Textile Production
Other Technological Changes
Industrial Factory
Spread of Industrialization
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Non-industrial World
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth and Urbanization
The Industrial Middle Class
The Industrial Working Class
Efforts at Change: Early Socialism
Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism
Forces for Change
Revolutions of 1848
Revolution in Central Europe
Independence and Development of the National State in Latin America
Nationalistic Revolts in Latin America
Difficulties of Nation Building
Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question
The Crimean War
National Unification and the National State, 1848-1871
Unification of Italy
Unification of Germany
Nationalism and Reform: The European National State in Mid-Century
Great Britain
France
The Austrian Empire
Russia
Growth of the United States
Emergence of a Canadian Nation
Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism in the Western World
Characteristics of Romanticism
A New Age of Science
Realism in Literature and Art
Conclusion
Terms and Persons to Know
World History AP: Chapter 18
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1. industrial revolution
2. Great Britain
3. capital
4. population increases
5. Great Famine
6. emigration
7. urbanization
8. Public Health Act
9. industrial middle class or new bourgeois
10. working class/labor conditions
11. women and children
12. Factory Act
13. utopian socialists
14. trade unions
15. Robert Owen
16. Congress of Vienna
17. balance of power
18. liberalism
19. laissez-faire
20. nationalism
21. February revolution
22. national workshops
23. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
24. Austrian Empire
25. revolutions in Italy
26. revolutions in Latin America
27. Simón Bolívar
28. José de San Martín
29. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
30. five republics
31. caudillo
32. Antonio López de Santa Ann
33. British involvement in Latin American economy
34. landed elites
35. Ottoman Empire
36. “Eastern Question”
37. Treaty of Adrianople
38. Crimean War
39. breakdown of the Concert of Europe
40. Tsar Alexander II
41. emancipation edict
42. U.S. Constitution
43. Federalists
44. Republicans
45. Andrew Jackson
46. Abraham Lincoln
47. Confederate States of America
48. American Civil War
49. Emancipation Proclamation
50. Dominion of Canada
51. growth of scientific knowledge
52. secularization
53. Charles Darwin
54. natural selection
World History AP: Chapter 18
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Glossary
World History AP: Chapter 18
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1. balance of power
2. capital
3. cartel
4. conservatism
5. cottage industry
6. economic imperialism
7. entrepreneur
8. evolutionary socialism
9. free trade
10. general strike
11. intervention, principle of
12. laissez-faire
13. legitimacy, principle of
14. liberalism
15. limited (constitutional) monarchy
16. ministerial responsibility
17. nationalism
18. proletariat
19. revisionism
20. revolutionary socialism
21. Social Darwinism
22. socialism
23. surplus value
24. trade union
World History AP: Chapter 18
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Primary Sources
Primary Sources on the Industrial Revolution:
Discipline in the New Factories: Factory Rules for the Foundry and Engineering Works of the Royal Overseas Trading Company
Ø What factors indicated in these rules enabled humans to work with machines in order to create mass production?
Ø Why were rules like these deemed necessary by factory owners? Which would have been hardest for workers to obey? Which would have been most difficult for owners to enforce? What effect did such regulations have on formerly agrarian workers?
“S-t-e-a-m-Boat a-Comin’!” from Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi
Ø How did the South differ from the North in respect to labor, markets, and transport systems?
Ø How have science and technology created the excitement Twain depicts? What about the steamboat, other than its novelty, vitalizes the town?
Child Labor: Discipline in the Textile Mills, “How They Kept the Children Awake” and “The Sadistic Overlooker”
Ø Why were young children working in the factories? Why were they not in school or at home?
Ø What hours were common for child workers? Why were they beaten?
Ø What changes did the Factory Act of 1833 put into effect?
Political Primary Sources
Revolutionary Excitement: Carl Schurz and the Revolution of 1848 in Germany, from the Reminiscences
Ø Why had the french “driven away Louis Philippe and proclaimed the republic”?
Ø How did the fervent desire expressed by Schurz for “’German Unity’” and the founding of a great, powerful national German Empire” express itself in nineteenth-century German history?
A Radical Critique of the Land Problem in Mexico: Ponciano Arriaga, Speech to the Constitutional Convention of 1856-1857
Ø What serious problems were engendered by ownership of large estates in Latin American politics?
Ø How did such holdings determine the structure of Latin American societies?
Ø Why does Ponciano Arriaga compare rich Mexican landowners to medieval feudal lords? By implication, who then would be the “serfs” of Mexican society? Is this an effective comparison?
Garibaldi and Romantic Nationalism: The Times, June 13, 1860
Ø In addition to Italy, where else in Europe was “the tide of popular feeling” Eber describes leading to radical changes?
Ø This article from the London Times is the first newspaper primary source document to appear in this textbook. How does this new source of information reflect the growth of an industrial middle class?
Ø Emancipation: Serfs and Slaves, from an Imperial Decree of Russia, 1861, and The Emancipation Proclamation of the United States, 1863
Ø What changes did Tsar Alexander II’s emancipation of the serfs initiate in Russia?
Ø What effect did Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation have on the southern “armed rebellion”?
Ø What reasons does each of these two leaders give for his action?
World History AP: Chapter 18