USE OF ENGLISH - KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
KEYS
EX 1
1) You might lose your passport, so make a note of the number. case
Make a note of your passport IN CASE YOU LOSE it.
2) I started work here six years ago, and I'm still here. have
I ‘VE BEEN WORKING HERE FOR six years.
3) I can't remember a time when I wasn't friends with Rosie. as
I've been friends with Rosie for AS LONG AS I can remember.
4) They don't know yet how many extras they will need in the film. worked
They HAVEN’T WORKED OUT yet how many extras they will need in the film.
5) Which part of the climb frightened you more than the rest? most
Which WAS THE MOST FRIGHTENING part of the climb for you?
6) I prefer skiing to doing any other sport. rather
I'd RATHER SKY THAN DO any other sport.
7) Maria hadn’t finished working by ten o’clock. still
Maria WAS STILL WORKING AT ten o’clock.
8) There weren’t many people at the concert. only
There WERE ONLY A FEW people at the concert.
9) ‘Will you lend me the car, Dad?’ asked Jules. borrow
Jules asked his father IF HE COULD BORROW the car.
10) They said they found his attitude very upsetting. been
They said they HAD BEEN VERY UPSET BY his attitude.
EX 2
1) A car becomes less economical when you drive fast. faster
The FASTER YOU DRIVE, THE LESS economical a car becomes.
2) The bus would have left without him if he hadn't run so fast. missed
He WOULD HAVE MISSED the bus if he hadn't run so fast.
3) It was almost impossible to see the road in the fog. hardly
We COULD HARDLY SEE the road in the fog.
4) The newest house in this area was built five years ago. new
They HAVEN’T BUILT A NEW house in this area for five years.
5) The paint on the bedroom walls is still wet, so be careful. dried
The paint on the bedroom wall HASN’T DRIED YET, so be careful.
6) I think you ought to tell your mum that you've broken her printer. had
You HAD BETTER TELL YOUR MUM that you've broken her printer.
7) Dad prefers to stay at home this evening and not go to the cinema. rather
Dad WOULD RATHER STAY AT HOME this evening than go to the cinema.
8) Did the technician repair your computer for you? have
Did YOU HAVE YOUR COMPUTER REPAIRED by the technician?
9) Unfortunately, both Alison and Diane were missing from class yesterday. nor
Unfortunately, NEITHER ALISON NOR DIANE was at class yesterday.
10) It’s not possible that Richard did this project on his own. have
Richard CAN’T HAVE DONE this project on his own.
11) He started work as a stunt person three years ago. working
He HAS BEEN WORKING ASa stunt person for three years.
12) Everybody who rides a bike should wear a helmet. worn
A helmet SHOULD BE WORN BYeverybody who rides a bike.
EX 3
1) Last summer, Julia got up early every morning. TO
Last summer, Julia used to get up early every morning.
2) I thought the book seemed familiar. HAD
I thought I had seen/read the book before.
3) How long have Helen and Robert been married? GET
When did Helen and Robert get married?
4) Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since. FOR
Jack has been wearing those trousers for a month.
5) It's a long time since our last conversation. SPOKEN
We haven't spoken for a long time.
6) There aren't any sandwiches left, I'm afraid. ALL
I'm afraid all the sandwiches have been eaten.
7) I thought that Martin's last novel was more interesting. LATEST
Martin's latest novel is not as interesting as his last one.
8) I phoned Norman last of all. PERSON
Norman was the last person I phoned.
9) This is the best party I've ever been to. A
I've never been to such a good party as this.
10) This meal cost less than I had thought.WOULD
I thought this meal would cost more than it did.
EX 4
1) Jack left the office before I arrived there. already
When I arrived at the office ___JACK HAD ALREADY______left.
2) Do you know how to drive this kind of car? ever
Have ____ YOU EVER DRIVEN______this kind of car before?
3) This is my first visit to Scotland. I
This is the first time ___I HAVE BEEN TO______Scotland.
4) During dinner, the phone rang. I
While ___I WAS HAVING /EATING DINNER THE______phone rang.
5) Do you have any plans for Saturday evening? doing
What __ARE YOU DOING ON______Saturday evening?
6) I started this job five years ago. been
I have _____BEEN DOING THIS JOB FOR______five years.
7) Is this car yours? you
Do __YOU OWN THIS______car?
8) Look at those black clouds! There's rain on the way! to
Look at those black clouds! It's____GOING TO______rain.
9) Our twenty-fifth wedding anniversary is at the end of next year. for
By the end of next year we __WILL HAVE BEEN MARRIED FOR______twenty five years.
10) I haven't been to the cinema for two months. time
The __LAST TIME I WENT TO______the cinema was two months ago.
EX 5
1) It would be nice to be able to fly a plane. could
I wish I ___COULD FLY______a plane.
2) Please don't eat in the classroom. you
I'd rather __YOU DIDN’T EAT IN THE______classroom.
3) I think we should leave now. we
I think it's ___TIME WE______left.
4) What a pity we ate all the food. only
If __ONLY WE HADN’T EATEN______all the food!
5) It's a shame we don't have a video. wish
I __WISH WE HAD______a video.
6) Don't shout all the time, it's so annoying! wouldn't
I ___WISH YOU WOULDN’T______shout all the time!
7) I don't want you to buy me a present. sooner
I'd __SOONER YOU DIDN’T______buy me a present.
8) I don't like being so tall. wish
I ___WISH I WASN’T / WEREN’T______so tall.
9) We ought to start work now. started
It's ___TIME WE STARTED______work.
10) I regret not going to university.had
I ___WISH I HAD GONE______to university.
EX 6
1) Last Thursday we appointed a new marketing manager. was
A new __MARKETING MANAGER WAS APPPOINTED______last Thursday.
2) Smith Ltd are supplying our company with furniture. supplied
Our company __IS BEING SUPPLIED WITH FURNITURE______by Smith Ltd.
3) William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11th century. by
The castle __WAS BUILT BY______William the Conqueror in the 11th century.
4) No decision has yet been made. decided
Nothing __HAS BEEN DECIDED______yet.
5) People believe that someone murdered Jenkins. was
It __IS BELIEVED THAT JENKINS WAS______murdered.
6) Your hair needs cutting. get
You ought ___TO GET YOUR HAIR______cut.
7) The police were following the suspects. were
The suspects __WERE BEING FOLLOWED BY THE______police.
8) No-one has seen Peter since the day of the party. been
Peter __HAS NOT BEEN SEEN SINCE______the day of the party.
9) We put up a notice about the trip on the notice board yesterday. was
A notice __ABOUT THE TRIP WAS PUT______up on the notice board yesterday.
10) People think that an apple a day is good for you. to
An apple a day ___IS THOUGHT TO BE GOOD______for you.
EX 7
1) Please don't open the window.you
I'd _RATHER YOU DIDN’T_____ open the window.
2) Fiona wanted to know the time.what
Fiona wanted to know __WHAT TIME IT / WHAT THE TIME _____ was.
3) We won't go out if the weather is bad.won't
We __WON’T GO OUT UNLESS_____ the weather is good.
4) I would like you to be here!wish
I __WISH YOU WERE______here.
5) Catherine refused to let me go.couldn't
Catherine __SAID (THAT) I COULDN’T___ go.
6) If I were you I’d try to get some sleep.advise
I __ADVICE YOU______to get some sleep.
7) What a pity we didn't see the match.wish
I ___WISH WE HAD SEEN______the match.
8) The old man introduced himself.us
The old man __TOLD US HIS______name.
9) David told me the time of the next train..what
David told __ME WHAT TIME THE NEXT_____ train left.
10) The police inspector said I had killed Mrs Burns.of
The police inspector __ACCUSED ME OF____ killing Mrs Burns.
EX 8
1) Excuse me, is somebody serving you, sir?being
Excuse me, ___ARE YOU BEING SERVED_____ , sir?
2) I think we should go home now.went
It's __TIME WE WENT______home.
3) The painters painted our house last month.had
We __HAD OUR HOUSE PAINTED______last month.
4) It's a pity that Charles is always complaining.wouldn't
I ___WISH CHARLES WOULDN’T COMPLAIN_____ so much.
5) Someone will meet you at the airport.be
You ___WILL BE MET______at the airport.
6) People think that train-robber Dave Briggs has escaped.have
Train-robber Dave Briggs __IS THOUGHT TO HAVE_____ escaped.
7) 'Don't forget to buy some bread, Mum,' said Pauline.reminded
Pauline ___REMINDED HER MOTHER TO _____ buy some bread.
8) Have you received your salary yet?been
Have ___YOU BEEN PAID____ yet?
9) I think I'll manage to finish the letters by 4.00.get
I think I'll ___GET THE LETTERS FINISHED___ by 4.00.
10) My parents made me study every night.was
I ___WAS MADE TO STUDY______every night by my parents.
EX 9
1) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television.to
Sue __WENT SHOPPING TO BUY HERSELF______a new television.
2 ) You use this to open wine bottles.for
This ___IS (USED) FOR OPENING______wine bottles.
3) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold.would
I put the food in the fridge ___SO (THAT) IT WOULD GET___ cold.
4) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus.as
Harry ___LEFT EARLY SO AS NOT_____ to miss the bus.
5) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike.could
I saved up some money ____SO (THAT) I COULD BUY_____ a motorbike.
6) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order
Jane gave up smoking ___IN ORDER TO SAVE____ money.
7) I came here so that I could see you.to
I ___CAME HERE TO SEE____ you.
8) Use this money to buy the tickets.buying
This __MONEY IS FOR BUYING THE___ tickets.
9) I picked up the vase carefully, so as not to break it.that
I picked up the vase carefully __SO THAT IT WOULDN’T____ break.
10) We put up a fence to prevent the rabbit escaping.couldn't
We put up a fence ___SO (THAT) THE RABBIT COULN’T_____ escape.
EX 10
1) Sam lost his job because he was lazy.
Sam was __SO LAZY THAT HE LOST HIS JOB______.
2) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive.
The house was too __EXPENSIVE FOR ME TO BUY____.
3) The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down.
It was _SUCH AN INTERESTING BOOK THAT I COULDN’T PUT IT DOWN____ .
4) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech.
There was so __SO MUCH NOISE THAT WE COULDN’T HEAR THE SPEECH.
5) The house was too small to live in comfortably.
The house wasn't _LARGE /BIG ENOUGH TO LIVE IN CONFORTABLY_ .
6) William never makes mistakes because he is a careful reader.
William is so __CAREFUL THAT HE NEVER MAKES MISTAKES WHEN HE READS.
7) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time.
There is too __LITTLE TIME FOR US TO EAT NOW______.
8) I can't come to your party because I'm too busy.
I'm too _BUSY TO COME TO YOUR PARTY______.
9) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students.
There were so _FEW STUDENTS THAT THE CLASS WAS CANCELLED .
10) It's such a lovely day today that I feel like taking a walk.
It's so _LOVELY A DAY TODAY THAT I FEEL LIKE TAKING A WALK.
EX 11
1) If you try harder, you will get better at dancing. HARDER
The HARDERYOU TRY, THE BETTER you will get at dancing
2) I always trust Carla’s advice.SOMEBODY
Carla IS SOMEBODY WHOSE advice I always trust.
3) It’s a pity we didn’t do more sport when I was at school.COULD
I wish that WE COULD HAVE DONE more sport when I was at school.
4) I think Professor Jones started teaching here 100 years ago! BEEN
I think Professor Jones HAS BEEN TEACHING HERE FOR 100 years!
5) Please don't copy my answers! RATHER
I WOULD RATHER YOU DIDN'T copy my answers!
6) You'd better start revising for the exam! TIME
It's (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME (THAT) YOU STARTED revising for the exam.
7) I imagine you were extremely happy to be chosen team leader. MUST
You MUST HAVE BEEN extremely happy to be chosen team leader.
8) You'll find me waiting outside the station. BE
I ___'LL BE WAITING OUTSIDE___ the station.
9) Maria is pregnant again. HAVE
Maria IS GOING TO HAVE ANOTHER baby.
10) John wasn’t sure whether he could come to the party. MIGHT
John thought he MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO come to the party.
EX 12
- The wind was so strong that we could not stand against it. SUCH
It was SUCH A STRONG WIND that we could not stand against it.
- We got lost coming home from the leisure centre. WAY
We couldn’t FIND OUR / THE WAY HOME from the leisure centre.
- I tried as hard as I could to keep my promise to them.BEST
I DID / TRIED MY BEST NOT TO break my promise to them.
- Mary didn’t find it difficult to pass her driving test. DIFFICULTY
Mary had LITTLE / NO DIFFICULTY (IN) PASSING her driving test.
- He described the hotel to us in detail. DETAILED
He GAVE US A DETAILED DESCRIPTION of the hotel.
- Nina’s parents said she wasn’t to use their new camera. LET
Nina’s parents DIDN’T / WOULDN’T / REFUSED TO LET NINA use their new camera.
- A newly-qualified dentist took out Mr Dupont’s tooth. HAD
Mr Dupont HAD HIS TOOTH TAKEN OUT / EXTRACTED by a newly-qualified dentist.
- Antonio only lost the 100-metre race because he fell. NOT
If Antonio had NOT FALLEN HE WOULD HAVE won the 100-metre race.
- I have too much work to do so I can't go out with you tonight. ONLY
If ONLY I DIDN'T HAVE so much work, I could go out with you tonight.
- Daria needs to get a scholarship in order to go to that college. IF
Daria could go to that college IF SHE GOT a scholarship.
EX 13
- I don't like living so far from school. closer
I wish (THAT) I LIVED CLOSER TO school.
- I regret not buying that book you recommended. only
If ONLY I'D / I HAD BOUGHT that book you recommended.
- Maybe my dream will come true and I'll go to Cambridge! if
What IF MY DREAM CAME true and I went to Cambridge!
- It was thanks to my doctor that I made such a quick recovery. would
If it hadn't been FOR MY DOCTOR, I WOULD not have recovered so quickly.
- Thank goodness you knew first aid; he nearly died! known
If you HAD NOT / HADN'T KNOWN FIRST AID he might have died.
- You were ill because you ate so much! have
You would NOT HAVE BEEN ILL IF you hadn't eaten so much!
- I didn't realise how important it was; otherwise I would have taken the tablets. realised
I would have taken the tablets, HAD I REALISED IT WAS so important.
- You should speak to him - he'll listen to you. to
Were YOU TO SPEAK TO HIM he would listen.
- I can't play football with you because I have this awful cold. able
If I didn't have this awful cold, I WOULD BE ABLE to play football with you.
- It's possible that you would have avoided the illness if you had stayed at home. might
You MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN GOT ill if you had stayed at home.
EX 14
- I had to go to the doctor because my symptoms were very worrying. had
I WOULD NOT / WOULDN'T HAVE HAD to go to the doctor if my symptoms hadn't been so worrying.
- 'I'm not sure I'll be able to contact you next week.' said Paul. not
Paul said he WAS NOT SURE HE WOULD be able to contact me the following week.
- Martin's text message read: 'Sorry. Couldn't find the house'. had
Martin sent a text message to say that he HAD NOT BEEN ABLE TO find the house.
- 'There has been an explosion,' the newsreader said. that
The newsreader SAID THAT THERE HAD BEEN an explosion.
- 'Three years ago I was in the same hotel,' Kevin told me. before
Kevin told me that three YEARS BEFORE HE HAD BEEN in the same hotel.
- 'Do you know who wrote the original story?' he asked. had
He asked me if I KNEW WHO HAD WRITTEN the original story.
- The message on his answering machine said: 'I am not free right now - please leave your name and number'. moment
His answering machine message said he was not FREE AT THAT MOMENT but I could leave my name and number.
- 'I'll contact you tomorrow,' he said. following
He said he WOULD CONTACT ME THE FOLLOWING day.
- 'You must hang up the phone immediately!' she said. to
She said I HAD TO hang up the phone immediately.
- It's not possible that James signed up for the bungee jumping event! have
James CAN'T/CANNOT HAVE SIGNED up for the bungee jumping event!
EX 15
- Perhaps Nick has forgotten that practice was cancelled. might
Nick MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN that practice was cancelled.
- I don't think Gloria was very happy after she lost the match. could
Gloria COULD NOT HAVE BEEN very happy after she lost the match.
- It's possible that Sarah is running a marathon right now! may
Sarah MAY BE RUNNING a marathon right now!
- It is possible that Rolf came last, but I really can't remember! come
Rolf MIGHT/MAY/COULD HAVE COME LAST but I really can't remember!
- I imagine you're getting a little nervous. be
You MUST BE GETTING a little nervous.
- You won't have problems finding the gym as it's the only big building in the area. miss
You CAN'T/CANNOT MISS the gym as it's the only big building in the area.
- Paris is a nice city but it's so expensive. such
Paris is nice, but it's SUCH AN EXPENSIVE city.
- Please don't use more water than you really need. avoid
Please try TO AVOID USING more water than you really need.
- I'm sure Jane will manage to convince the city council to build a new park. succeed
I'm sure Jane will SUCCEED IN CONVINCING the city council to build a new park.
- Sorry, but I couldn't get concert tickets at such short notice. able
Sorry, but I WAS NOT / WASN'T ABLE TO GET concert tickets at such short notice.
EX 16
- 'Bringing your own tents on the camping trip isn't necessary,' said Monique. have
Monique told us we DID NOT / DIDN'T HAVE TO BRING our own tents on the camping trip.
- John advised me to take my studies more seriously. would
John said, 'If I WERE YOU I WOULD take my studies more seriously.'
- This trigonometry problem is really hard for me to solve.' work
I can't seem to WORK OUT HOW TO SOLVE this trigonometry problem.