Midterm Reviewname______
1. Label the numbered parts in the diagram of DNA (image from mywebpages.comcast.net/llpellegrini/dna.html)
1 = ______
2 = ______
3 = ______
4 = ______
5 = ______
2. Provide at least 2 reasons why DNA is so important
to living organisms.
3. Explain how a protein is made starting with the DNA code. Use the terms transcription, mRNA, translation, tRNA, ribosome, amino acids, codon.
3. Draw and label a plant cell and animal cell. Include the following organelles and structures in the appropriate cells: vacuole, nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria.
4. Describe the differences and similarities between plant and animal cells.
5. Describe the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Complete the chart for the 4 main classes of organic molecules.
Organic compound / Monomer(building block) / What it’s used for in living organisms (purpose and importance)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
**The following questions (#7-11) have multiple parts to them. Answer all parts in complete sentences on another sheet of paper! **
7. Answer the following questions about photosynthesis.
a. What organisms undergo photosynthesis?
b. Where does it occur in the cell?
c. What reactants are required?
d. What products are produced?
e. Why is it important to us (give at least 2 reasons)?
8. Answer the following questions about cellular respiration.
a. What organisms undergo cellular respiration?
b. Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?
c. What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
d. What is the purpose of cellular respiration (why can’t we survive without this process?)?
e. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?
9. Using your knowledge of osmosis and diffusion, describe (be specific) what happens in the following situations.
a. You place a red blood cell from your body in a container of distilled water.
b. You pour salt water on a patch of grass.
c. You place a marine (salt-water) organism in fresh water.
10. What are the maincharacteristics of life?
11. What is the purpose of the independent variable in an experiment? What about the control group?
Biology 1 & 1A
Section A: Scientific Processes & Introduction to Biology (Ch 1)
Topics: Microscope Use | Scientific Method | Metric System
1. List the steps of the scientific method: ______
______
______
______
2. Understand how a controlled experiment is conducted.
a. What is the manipulated variable in the experiment?
______
b. What is the responding variable?
______
c. Which is the control group? ______
3. Microscope Use:
a. When first focusing the microscope, which objective do you use? ______
b. When using the high power objective, which focus knob do you use? ______
c. What are the three objectives found on the microscopes you used in class? ______
d. What part of the microscope can be used to adjust the amount of light? ______
4. Characteristics of Living Things
R ______
A ______
R ______
E ______
H ______
O ______
G ______
G ______
Section B: Cells & Cell Processes (Ch 7)
Topics: Cell Structure | Organelles | Types of Cells | Cell Transport | Cell Division
1. What structure distinguishes a eukaryote from a prokaryote? ______
2. What shape is a plant cell? ______An animal cell? ______
3. What part of the cell is describe as selectively permeable? ______
4. If you place a few drops of food coloring in a glass full of water, eventually all the water is colored. This is due to the process of ______
5. For each of the structures listed, indicate whether it is found in PLANTS (P), ANIMALS (A), or BOTH (B)
_____ Chloroplasts ______Cell Membrane ______Nucleus ______Cell Wall ______Mitochondria
6. In each of the situations pictured, indicate whether the cell will gain water, lose water, or stay the same. In each case, the cell in the beaker is 10% salt.
7. Know the function of each of the cell organelles listed:
a. Endoplasmic Reticulum ______
b. Cell Membrane ______
c. Ribosome ______
d. Lysosome ______
e. Nucleus ______
8. Identify the processes pictured (Diffusion, Osmosis, Endocytosis)
10. Label the Cell
Biology Study Guide for the Midterm
Location and Composition of Chromosomes
Characteristics of Life--STERNGRR
Products and Reactants of Photosynthesis and Respiration
Products and Reactants of Anaerobic Respiration
Components of a Controlled Experiment (Independent vs. Dependent Variable, Constants,etc.)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
DNA, mRNA, tRNA, proteins
Active Transport vs. Passive Transport (Diffusion)
Structure and Functions of Lipids, Carbs, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Tests for Lipids, Carbs., Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Diffusion and Osmosis (What substances move by each process)
Osmosis Experiments and Diffusion Experiments
Blood glucose regulation using insulin
Importance of Receptors on the Cell Membrane
Organelle Functions (Nucleus, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, etc.)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Enzyme Structure and Function (Denaturing, Optimum Temp., Optimum pH)
pH Scale
Proper use of the microscope including calculating total magnification
Levels of Organization (Cell, tissue, organ, organ system)
1st Semester Exam Review
I. Intro. To Biology (chapter 1)
1. What are the characteristics of life? STERNGRR?
2. What is an independent variable? Dependent variable? Control group?
3. What are the steps to the scientific method?
4. What is homeostasis?
II. Biochemistry (chapter 2)
1. What is a solute? What is a solvent?
2. What is the pH of an acid? Of a base?
3. Organic molecules contain the elements…..
4. What are the 4 main groups of organic molecules? Describe what each does and the monomers of each.
5. What does Benedict’s solution test for? What does iodine test for? Biuret reagent? How can you easily test for lipids?
6. What is an enzyme? Why is it important? How do enzymes work (be specific)? What does denatured mean?
IV. The Cell (chapter 7)
1. Label the parts of the microscope and know how to determine total magnification.
2. What is the Cell Theory? Who was Hooke?
3. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
4. Draw/label the main parts of the cell membrane.
5. What is active transport and 2 examples? What is passive transport?
6. What is diffusion? What is osmosis? Which way will WATER move in the following situations?
100% 95% 70% 90% 10% 5%
water water water water salt salt
7. Be able to label the major organelles of the eukaryotic cell (plant and animal). What does each one do? (mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome, Golgi, ER, cytoplasm, vacuole, …)
8. What are differences between plant and animal cells?
9. Describe ways that cells communicate with each other.
V. Energy and the Cell (chapters 8 and 9)
1. What is ATP? How does it store and release energy?
2. What organisms undergo photosynthesis? Write the equation. What are the reactants and what are the products? What is the waste? What is the end product?
3. Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur? What pigment is used?
4. What organisms undergo respiration? Write the equation for aerobic respiration. What re the reactants and what are the products?
5. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration (how many total ATP? Where does it occur? Which uses oxygen?)
6. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration and what are the end products? What organisms can do each one?
7. How do photosynthesis and respiration recycle oxygen and carbon-dioxide?
VI. DNA (chapter 12)
1. What is the structure of DNA? Where are the sugars and phosphates found? What is the monomer called and its 3 components? What bases pair up and how are they held together? Who were Watson and Crick?
2. How does DNA replicate? When would this occur?
3. What is transcription? Where does translation (protein synthesis) occur? Explain the process (codon, anticodon, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids)
4. How is RNA different from DNA?
5. What are mutations? Differentiate between point mutations and frameshift mutations. Which types are the worst? How could a mutation be a good thing?
6. How do cells become specialized? What is gene expression? Explain how the bacterial lac operon works.