Name:______
American Colonies Emerge Notes
Learning objective:
What were the different ways ______settled North America after Columbus’s first trip?
Section 1
Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer ______and portions of ______America.
The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Cortés Subdues the Aztec
• Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers, seek ______, ______
• 1519 Hernándo ______ leads army into Americas, claims land for Spain
• ______dominate region; Nahua people who resent ______join Cortés
• Montezuma thinks Cortés a ______; gives him share of Aztec gold
• In 1520 Aztec rebel; in 1521 ______and their allies defeat Aztec
• Cortés founds ______, New Spain colony on Tenochtitlán ruins
Spanish Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers mostly men, called ______; marry native women
• ______—person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
• Landlords use ______—force natives to farm, ranch, mine
• ______object, encomienda abolished; ______brought as slaves
Other Countries Explore North America
• England, France, Netherlands sponsor voyages in 1500s and 1600s
Exploring Florida
• Juan Ponce de León discovers and names ______ (1513)
• Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels ______, founds St. Augustine (1565)
Settling the Southwest
• In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads expedition to ______
• Pedro de Peralta, governor of ______, Spain’s northern holdings
• He helps found Santa Fe (1609–1610); several ______built in area
Resistance to the Spanish
Conflict in New Mexico
• Priests ______many Native Americans, try to suppress their culture
• In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay ______, do labor for missions
Section 2
An English Settlement at Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at ______, ______, in 1607.
English Settlers Struggle in North America
The Business of Colonization
• Joint-stock companies—investors ______colony, get ______
• In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found ______
A Disastrous Start
• Colonists seek ______, suffer from disease and hunger
• ______ forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people
• (1609) 600 colonists arrive; ______destroy farms; “starving time”
Jamestown Begins to Flourish
• New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow ______
“Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants
• Tobacco becomes profitable; export ______pounds by late 1620s
• Headright system—purchaser of passage gets ______—lures settlers
• Plantation owners use indentured ______— work 4–7 years for passage
The First African Laborers
• First ______arrive (1619); treated as indentured ______
• Late 1600s, owners begin importing costly slaves because
- indentured population ______
- colony becomes ______
The Settlers Clash with Native Americans
The English Pattern of Conquest
• English do not live or ______with Native Americans
The Settlers Battle Native Americans
• Continued ______between Powhatan and English after starving time
• 1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary ______
• Renewed fighting; king makes Virginia ______ under his control
Economic Differences Split Virginia
Hostilities Develop
• Former indentured people settle frontier, cannot ______, pay high ______
• Frontier settlers battle ______; tension between frontier, wealthy
• ______refuses to give money to help frontier fight local natives
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon raises ______to fight natives on frontier (1676)
• Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon sets fire to ______
Section 3
Puritan New England - English ______come to North America, beginning in 1620.
Puritans Create a “New England”
Puritans and Pilgrims
• ______, religious group, want to purify Church of England
• ______, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations
• In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found ______Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Company
• In 1630, joint-stock company founds ______Bay Colony
• John Winthrop is Puritan colony’s first ______
“City Upon a Hill”
• Puritan ______vote for General Court; Court chooses governor
Church and State
• Civic officials are ______, have duty to do God’s will
Importance of the Family
• Puritans generally migrate as ______
• Community makes sure family members behave in “______-fearing” way
Dissent in the Puritan Community
The Founding of Providence
• Roger Williams—extreme ______minister with controversial views
• General Court orders his ______; Williams flees
• In 1636 he founds colony of Providence
- negotiates for ______with Narragansett tribe
- guarantees separation of ______and ______, religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson Banished
• Anne Hutchinson teaches church, ministers are ______
Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion
Disputes Over Land
• Settlers spread to western ______, New Hampshire, ______
• Natives think land treaties ______, Europeans think permanent
The Pequot War
• Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against ______, nearly destroyed
King Philip’s War
• Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow ______laws
• Wampanoag chief ______ organizes tribes to wipe out settlers (1675)
• King Philip’s War fierce; hunger, disease, casualties defeat ______
Section 4
Settlement of the
Middle Colonies The Dutch settle New Netherland; English ______led by William Penn settle Pennsylvania.
The Dutch Found New Netherland
A Diverse Colony
• In 1621, the ______Company colonizes New Netherland
• Settlers from other ______countries and ______welcomed
• Dutch trade for ______with Native Americans
English Takeover
• In 1664, duke of York becomes ______(owner) of New Netherland
- renames colony New York
- later gives part of land to friends, names it ______
The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
• In 1681, William Penn founds ______on Quaker principles
• Quakers ideas: equality, ______, religious toleration, pacifism
• Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment”
- adult males get ______acres, right to vote
- representative ______
- freedom of ______
Native American Relations
• Penn treats native people fairly; over 50 years without ______
A Thriving Colony
• Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of ______go to Pennsylvania
• Quakers become ______; slavery is introduced
Thirteen Colonies
• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds ______; has religious freedom
• James Ogelthorpe founds ______as haven for debtors
• By 1752, there are 13 British ______in North America
Of the 5 main groups we talked about: The Spanish, the English at Jamestown, the English Puritans in New England, the Dutch, and the Quakers. In your opinion, which group had the best system of colonization? Give 2-3 details why? Which group had the worst system of colonization? Give 2-3 details why?