December 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LESSON PLAN
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA 2
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION 3
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
SECTION III. PRESENTATION 4
A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 4
B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 5
C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 6
D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 7
E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5 8
F. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6 9
G. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7 10
H. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8 11
I. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 9 12
SECTION IV. SUMMARY
SECTION V. STUDENT EVALUATION
APPENDIXES
A TRAINING AIDS INDEX A-1
B TEST AND TEST SOLUTIONS B-1
C PRACTICAL EXERCISES AND SOLUTIONS C-1
D STUDENT HANDOUT D-1
This LP supersedes all previous versions.
December 2006
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
1. TASKS TAUGHT OR SUPPORTED:
TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE
03-1402-00-1001 Plan a VFR Flight
03-1402-00-1002 Plan an IFR Flight
2. TASK(S) REINFORCED:
TASK NUMBER TASK TITLE
3. ACADEMIC HOURS: PEACETIME MOBILIZATION
HOURS/TYPE HOURS/TYPE
2.5/CO 2.5/CO
0.5/PE2 0.5/PE2
TEST 1.0 0.5
TEST REVIEW 1.0 1.0
TOTAL HOURS
4. LIST THE LESSON NUMBER IN WHICH THE TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE IS TESTED AND THE TEST RESULTS ARE REVIEWED:
HOURS LESSON NUMBER
TESTING: 1.0 EAO4
REVIEW OF TEST RESULT: 1.0
5. PREREQUISITE LESSONS:
LESSON NUMBER LESSON TITLE
N/A N/A
6. CLEARANCE AND ACCESS: Unclassified; foreign students may attend this class.
7. REFERENCES:
ADDITIONAL
NUMBER TITLE PAGES INFORMATION
FM 1-230 Meteorology for Army Aviators i thru N/A
Index
8. STUDENT STUDY ASSIGNMENTS: None.
9. INSTRUCTOR REQUIREMENTS: One primary instructor.
10. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS: None.
11. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE INSTRUCTION: One 35mm slide projector.
12. MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE INSTRUCTION:
INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS: Lesson Plan
STUDENT MATERIALS: Student Handout
13. CLASSROOM, TRAINING AREA, AND/OR RANGE REQUIREMENTS: One 40 person standard classroom.
14. AMMUNITION REQUIREMENTS: None.
15. INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDANCE: None.
16. LESSON PLAN WRITTEN BY:
NAME RANK POSITION DATE
______
PATRICK D. CUNNINGHAM CIV ACADEMIC INSTRUCTOR DEC 06
17. LESSON PLAN REVIEWED BY:
NAME RANK POSITION DATE
______
STEPHEN G. CROUCH CIV DIRECTOR ACADEMICS DEC 06
18. PROPONENT RESIDENT LESSON PLAN APPROVAL:
NAME RANK POSITION DATE
______
DONALD R. ROBERTS CIV COR DEC 06
19. BRANCH SAFETY OFFICER APPROVAL: N/A.
ANNUAL REVIEW
______
PRINTED NAME RANK POSITION DATE REVIEWED
______
PRINTED NAME RANK POSITION DATE REVIEWED
______
PRINTED NAME RANK POSITION DATE REVIEWED
______
PRINTED NAME RANK POSITION DATE REVIEWED
______
PRINTED NAME RANK POSITION DATE REVIEWED
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 2 hours.
MOTIVATOR: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own. Ensure the motivator gains attention, states the need for the training, and explains the Terminal Learning Objective (TLO).
“Weather has an effect on Army aviation operations on a daily basis.
In order to properly employ his/her aircraft properly, the aviator
must understand weather.”
NOTE: Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements.
NOTE: Read, or have one of the students read, the TLO requirements.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE (TLO): At the completion of this lesson, the student will:
ACTION: Plan a flight mission IFR or VFR in accordance with (IAW) weather conditions stated in FM 1-230 and AR 95-1.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: None.
RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL: Low.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: None.
NOTE: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own. Ensure you include how, when, where, and length of test.
EVALUATION: A written test will be given on training day 10. It will be administered in classroom #4, bldg 5301. It will last for one hour.
NOTE: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own.
Instructional Lead-In: “Weather connected with fronts contain much violence and danger. This type of weather definitely impacts on aviation operations.”
SECTION III. PRESENTATION
NOTE: Read, or have one of the students read, the Enabling Learning
Objective requirements.
A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #1:
ACTION: The student will identify the characteristics common to all fronts.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify characteristics common to all fronts.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0010 minutes.
Media: PPT slides 1 thru 7.
a. Definition of a front--The boundary between air masses of different densities.
b. Frontal formation--When two high pressure cells exist so that the circulation of air is converging between them, a front is formed. Due to circulation around these cells, the warmer air from one cell is meeting colder air from the other. The converging air currents veer upward creating a zone of low pressure. This is a front.
c. Cause of frontal weather--The primary cause of frontal weather is the lifting of warm moist air by more dense air. Therefore, all fronts have a temperature inversion.
d. Frontal discontinuities.
(1) Temperature.
(2) Moisture content (dew point).
(3) Pressure.
(4) Wind.
NOTE: Primary factors affecting frontal weather are: slope and speed, moisture content, and stability.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #2:
ACTION: The student will identify the general characteristics of a cold front.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify frontal movement.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0015 minutes.
Media: PPT slides 10 thru 15.
a. Cold front – the leading edge of a cold air mass normally moving from the northwest to the southeast.
b. Vertical cross section.
c. Slope--1:50 to 1:100 (average 1:80).
d. Clouds--cumuliform predominate.
d. Weather.
(1) Type—post-frontal, can be very violent.
(2) Coverage--critical area is on average, 50-miles wide.
(3) Winds--generally from NW behind the front, from the SW ahead of
the front.
(4) Movement—to the SE.
(5) Speed--average 25 knots. However, if moving faster than 25 kts,
a squall line may form as much as 300 miles ahead. Squall lines may include tornadoes, hail and destructive winds.
e. Weather chart portrayal.
(1) Sectional (local) blue line.
(2) Graphic depiction
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #3:
ACTION: The student will identify the general characteristics of a warm front.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify characteristics of a warm front.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0020 minutes.
Media: PPT slides 16 thru 20.
a. Warm front – the trailing edge of a cold air mass moving generally to the northeast, being overridden by warmer air.
b. Vertical cross section.
c. Slope--average 1:200.
d. Clouds--stratiform predominant
e. Weather.
(1) Type--low ceilings, poor visibility, rain, drizzle, fog; scattered thunderstorms in unstable type, possible clear ice and/or freezing rain below inversion level.
(2) Coverage--widespread, 400 to 600 miles ahead of surface position – prefrontal weather.
(3) Winds--generally from the SW behind and SE ahead of front.
(4) Movement—to the NE.
(5) Speed--average 15 kts
e. Weather chart portrayal.
(1) Sectional (local) red line.
(2) Graphic depiction
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #4:
ACTION: The student will identify the general characteristics of a stationary front.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify characteristics of a stationary front.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0015 minutes.
Media: PPT slides 21 thru 29.
a. Stationary front – a front which is not moving. Normally considered stationary with a speed of zero to less than 5 kts.
b. Slope--similar to a warm front.
c. Clouds--warm front type predominate.
d. Weather
(1) Type--similar to a warm front.
(2) Coverage--large area similar to a warm front.
(3) Winds--except in areas of showers, winds are light and variable, but generally tend to parallel the front in opposite directions.
(4) Movement--unpredictable.
(5) Speed--zero to five knots.
e. Weather map portrayal.
(1) Sectional (local)--alternating red and blue line.
(2) Graphic depiction
E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #5:
ACTION: Identify the characteristics of an open wave.
CONDITION: In a classroom and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify characteristics of an open wave.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0015 minutes.
Media: PPT slides 21 thru 29.
a. Open wave – wave-like appearance on the weather map with one portion a cold front and the other a warm front with an open area in between.
b. Vertical cross section.
c. Formation-- Most often forms from a stationary front, however, it may form from any existing front.
d. Weather--Cold front weather associated with the cold front and warm front weather with the warm front with warm air in the open area between the two fronts. Winds in the open area are generally southwest.
e. Movement--travels in an easterly direction along the line of the original from which it formed.
f. Weather chart portrayal.
(1) Sectional--blue and red line indicating each front and a wave-like structure.
(2) Graphic depiction
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
F. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #6:
ACTION: The student will identify the general characteristics of an occluded front.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify characteristics of an occluded front.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0020 minutes.
Media: PPT slide 30.
a. Occluded front – the result of a faster moving cold front overtaking a slower moving warm front. The effect is one front on top of the other squeezing warm air between.
b. Type--There are two types of this front. They are cold front occlusions and warm front occlusions.
(1) Cold front occlusion – When the cold front runs underneath the warm front, it is called a cold-type occlusion. In this area the coldest, or more dense air, is behind the cold front. The warm or less dense air ahead of the warm front is lifted aloft and blocked from the surface.
(2) Warm front occlusion – When the cold front runs over the warm front, it is called a warm-type occlusion. In this area the coldest, or more dense air, is ahead of the warm front. The warm or less dense air of the cold front is lifted aloft and blocked from the surface.
c. Formation--Since cold fronts move faster than warm fronts, quite often the cold portion of an open wave will overtake the warm front portion. Depending on the relative densities, the cold front either runs underneath or over the warm front. The warm air sector is blocked away from the surface and one of the fronts is lifted aloft forming an occluded front.
d. Vertical cross section.
e. Clouds--both warm and cold front types -- stratiform and cumuliform.
f. Weather--The weather associated with each of these fronts combines the widespread low ceiling and poor visibilities of the warm front with the severe weather of the cold front. The most severe weather occurs in the early stages of the occlusion. The warm moist air is being lifted by both the cold front and warm front and by the squeezing action between them.
g. Winds--The winds ahead of an occlusion may vary from south to east, but are generally from the southeast. The winds behind an occluded front will generally be from the northwest.
h. Movement--similar to an open wave – to the east.
i. Weather chart portrayal.
(1) Sectional (local)--purple.
(2) Graphic depiction
NOTE: Difference between the two fronts: From a pilot’s viewpoint, there is very little difference. The extent of cloud coverage, type of clouds, and severity of thunderstorms are essentially the same. There is one primary difference, and that is the relative position of the major thunderstorms and severe weather with respect to the surface position of the occluded front. In the cold-type occlusion, the most severe weather is more or less centered above occlusion. In the warm type, the most severe weather occurs ahead of the occlusion.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
G. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #7:
ACTION: The student will identify the proper flight procedures to use when dealing with frontal weather while conducting flight operations.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment and given a student handout.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify the proper procedures when approaching frontal weather.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0010 minutes.
Media: PPT slide 35.
a. Recognition of type: Each type front presents certain general as well as specific problems to the aviator. The aviator must learn to recognize the type and intensity of each front in order to analyze its possibilities without weather maps, and in flight, you must be able to analyze the type front and your relative position to it from wind direction and clouds.
b. Flight considerations for each type frontal situation.
(1) Cold fronts and squall lines--Intense cold fronts and squall lines will be more thoroughly discussed during a later period on weather hazards; however, the general recommendation is “Don’t go!” When approaching a squall line or other band of severe weather in flight, the best option is to land and wait for the weather to pass.