Physiology Study Guide 17: CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY 12
Steven A. Fink; Instructor
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 17:
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY
True/False
____ 1. The Pulmonary Vein conducts blood from the Right Ventricle to the Lungs.
____ 2. After suffering a lesion in the Cardiovascular Reflex Center, a patient would require a heart pacemaker to survive.
____ 3. The Right Ventricle pumps blood into the Aorta.
____ 4. Cardiac muscle cells can continue to contract without O2 delivery for extended periods of time by generating ATP through Anaerobic Respiration.
[see p. 181]
____ 5. The Hepatic Portal circulation conducts blood from the Right Ventricle to the Lungs and back to the Right Atrium.
____ 6. The Pulmonary Circuit refers to the flow of blood from the Right Ventricle to the Lungs and back to the Right Atrium.
____ 7. The Left Ventricle has a lower oxygen content than the Right Ventricle.
____ 8. Stenosis of the Aortic Valve ("aortic stenosis") would cause a murmur during systole. [see pp. 178 & 204]
____ 9. The atria serve primarily as reservoirs for blood flowing toward the heart during (ventricular) systole.
____10. The Right Ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the Left Ventricle.
[see Figs. On pp. 174 & 175]
____11. The Pulmonary Artery conducts blood from the lungs to the Left Atrium.
____12. When the Left Pump begins to eject less blood than normal, the blood backs-up into the Systemic Circuit. [see Top Fig. on p. 170]
____13. The brain is the organ in the body most prone to ischemia.
____14. Stenotic valves do not open all the way.
____15. Blood flows backwards through stenotic valves.
____16. Listening to the sounds produced by the heart is called “palpation”.
[see pp. 207 & 178]
____17. All WBCs, except Lymphocytes, are produced in the red bone marrow of certain bones. [see p. 168]
____18. Arteries always carry blood high in O2 and low in CO2.
____19. The Left Pump works much harder than the Right Pump. [see p. 168]
____20. The Left Pump contracts at a faster rate than the Right Pump.
____21. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale permits blood in the Right Atrium to flow directly into the Left Ventricle. [see Fig. on p. 173]
____22. “Isometric exercises” increase the size of a person's heart.
____23. The Hepatic Artery conducts blood high in O2 to the Liver. [see pp. 170 & 171]
____24. The valves of the heart open & shut as the papillary muscles (located within the ventricles) contract or relax. [see bottom, p. 174]
____25. Blood in the coronary sinus flows into the Right Ventricle. [see p. 171]
____26. If the AV Node of the heart stops functioning, the Action Potentials in the atria can not be transmitted down into the ventricles. [see p. 189]
____27. Sympathomimetic drugs speed-up the transmission of Action Potentials through the AV Node. [see p. 191]
____28. The Left Pump is situated primarily on the posterior surface of the Heart.
[see Top Fig. p. 169]
____29. The maximum isometric tension (“force”) that can be generated by a muscle depends upon its degree of stretch at the time it is stimulated to contract.
[see pp. 211 & 161]
____30. The atria & ventricles of the heart normally contract simultaneously.
____31. Hyperkalemia would cause the cardiac muscle cells to hyperpolarize and result in bradycardia.
____32. The development of tension by a muscle is called an isotonic response.
____33. In the resting state, the parasympathetic motorneurons are continuously acting to slow-down the spontaneous rate of cardiac activity.
____34. After a myocardial infarction involving the SA Node, the heart would no longer be able to contract in a rhythmic manner. [see p. 189]
____35. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized nerve fibers running within the myocardial tissue itself. [see p. 189]
____36. The closing of the A-V Valves is responsible for the second heart sound ("dupp"). [see p. 204]
____37. Regurgitation of blood from the Aorta backwards into the Left Ventricle would cause a decrease in the Aortic diastolic blood pressure.
____38. The "pulse" (vibration wave), caused by the rapid ejection of blood, can only be detected on the "arterial side" of the circulation. [see p. 207]
____39. The mean arterial blood pressure (art. BP) in the pulmonary circuit is the same as it is in the systemic circuit. [see p. 208]
____40. “Left-sided CHF” is defined as a decrease in Cardiac Output through the systemic circuit. [see p. 212]
____41. The A-V Valves are forced shut at the onset of systole. [see p. 205]
____42. The semi-lunar valves (aortic & pulmonary valves) are forced shut at the onset of diastole. [see p. 207]
____43. The peak pressure (Systolic B.P.) in the Aorta (& other systemic arteries) results from the contraction of the Left Ventricle.
____44. The rate at which blood flows through the vessels is called the “Cardiac Output”.
____45. The heart becomes bigger & stronger when it is made to work harder by aerobic exercise. [see p. 209]
____46. During diastole, the pressure within the Left Ventricle becomes much less than in the Aorta (& other systemic arteries). [see p. 208]
____47. Lead II of the electrocardiogram (EKG) is used to measure the electrical potential differences between the left arm and the left leg. [see p. 192]
____48. All 4 valves of the heart are shut during both Isovolumetric Contraction Phase of Systole and Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase of Diastole.
____49. A “heart attack” is caused by an obstruction in the coronary arteries.
____50. If a patient's Heart Rate = 60 BPM, and his Stroke Volume averages 80 ml/beat, his Cardiac Output would be 6.8 L/min.
____51. The End Diastolic Volume (EDV) within a ventricle affects the ventricle's force of contraction. [see p. 211]
____52. If the Heart Rate becomes very fast (165 BPM), the Cardiac Output actually decreases. [see p. 212]
____53. The 2 principal factors that determine Cardiac Output are the Heart Rate and the Total Blood Volume (TBV). [see pp. 210 & 214]
Multiple Choice
____54. Blood flows down from the head through the:
(a) celiac artery
(b) aorta
(c) iliac artery
(d) superior vena cava
(e) carotid artery
(ab) carotid vein
(ac) jugular vein
(ad) subclavian artery
____55. Blood is carried from the Left Ventricle to the organs & tissues of the body by the:
(a) celiac artery
(b) aorta
(c) iliac artery
(d) superior vena cava
(e) carotid artery
(ab) carotid vein
(ac) jugular vein
(ad) subclavian artery
____56. An isometric contractile response is associated with:
(a) an increase in muscle tension
(b) shortening of a muscle
(c) both (a) & (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)
____57. Most muscle contractions involve an:
(a) initial isometric phase, followed by an isotonic phase
(b) initial isotonic phase, followed by an isometric phase
(c) none of the above; most muscle contractions involve only
an isometric response or an isotonic response
____58. The blood vessel that conducts blood up to the head is called the:
(a) coeliac artery
(b) aorta
(c) iliac artery
(d) superior vena cava
(e) carotid artery
(ab) jugular vein
(ac) subclavian artery
____59. The coronary sinus empties into the:
(a) Right Atrium
(b) Left Atrium
(c) Right Ventricle
(d) Left Ventricle
(e) Aorta via the ductus arteriosus
____60. The valve that regulates blood flow between the Left Ventricle and the Aorta is:
(a) the Right A-V Valve [see p. 176]
(b) the Mitral Valve
(c) a “semi-lunar” valve
(d) a Cardiac sphincter
(e) the Tricuspid Valve
____61. The normal resting Heart Rate (H.R.) in an adult is about ______BPM.
(a) 60
(b) 65
(c) 75
(d) 80
(e) 85
(ab) 100
____62. An obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava would hamper the return of blood from the:
(a) head & neck
(b) upper extremities
(c) abdomen & pelvis
(d) all of the above
(e) only (a) & (b) are correct
____63. The inner lining of the heart and blood vessels is composed of:
(a) visceral smooth muscle
(b) visceral smooth muscle & elastic connective tissue
(c) fibrous connective tissue
(d) simple squamous epithelium
(e) stratified squamous epithelium
____64. Blood flow in the left Coronary Artery is negligible (almost zero) during:
(a) Isovolumetric Contraction
(b) Isovolumetric Relaxation
(c) Filling Phase
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
____65. Which one of the following statements about the Heart is NOT correct?
(a) the Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena & the Coronary Sinus all conduct
blood into the Left Atrium
(b) the Left Ventricle pumps blood into the Aorta, which distributes the blood
through the Systemic Circuit
(c) the pericardium is a sheath of connective tissue that encloses the Heart
(d) the Right Ventricle pumps blood into the Pulmonary Artery
(e) the Right Atrium receives blood from the right & left Pulmonary Arteries
(ab) all of the above statements are correct
(ac) none of the statements above are correct
(ad) both statements (a) & (e) are not correct
____66. Blood (low in O2) is carried from the heart to the lungs through the:
(a) pulmonary arteries
(b) pulmonary veins
(c) aorta
(d) superior vena cava
(e) hepatic portal vein
(ab) celiac artery
(ac) bronchial arteries
____67. Blood (hi in O2) is carried to the airways of the lungs by the:
(a) pulmonary arteries
(b) pulmonary veins
(c) aorta
(d) superior vena cava
(e) hepatic portal vein
(ab) celiac artery
(ac) bronchial arteries
____68. Blood from the lower portion of the body is returned to the Right Atrium by the:
(a) aorta
(b) pulmonary artery
(c) umbilical vein
(d) inferior vena cava
(e) hepatic portal vein
(ab) inferior mesenteric artery
(ac) subclavian artery
(ad) iliac veins
____69. Regurgitation of blood from the Aorta back into the Left Ventricle would result from: [see p. 179]
(a) Aortic Stenosis
(b) Aortic Insufficiency
(c) Left A-V Valve Stenosis
(d) Left A-V Valve Insufficiency
(e) an aneurysm in the Aorta
____70. A flat T-wave on an ECG would indicate:
(a) AV Nodal Block [see p. 196]
(b) AV Nodal (Junctional) Rhythmn
(c) atrial hypertrophy
(d) ventricular hypertrophy
(e) ventricular myocardial ischemia
(ab) ventricular myocardial infarction
____71. Blood is carried to the legs via the:
(a) Mesenteric Arteries
(b) Inferior Vena Cava
(c) Iliac Arteries
(d) Subclavian Arteries
(e) Jugular Veins
(ab) celiac artery
(ac) hepatic portal vein
____72. All of the following are chemically proteins EXCEPT:
(a) plasminogen
(b) angiotensinogen
(c) antibodies
(d) adrenal corticosteroids
(e) Growth Hormone
____73. Which one of the following is a Lymphatic Organ?
(a) Pancreas [see p. 167]
(b) Liver
(c) Kidneys
(d) Spleen
(e) Adrenal Glands
(ab) Pituitary
(ac) Prostate
____74. The very first systemic arteries that branch-off the Aorta are the:
(a) Iliac Arteries
(b) Subclavian Arteries
(c) Mesenteric Arteries
(d) Carotid Arteries
(e) Coronary Arteries
(ab) Bronchial Arteries
(ac) Iliac Arteries
____75. Which pair of valves are collectively called the "semi-lunar valves"?
(a) Tricuspid & Bicuspid
(b) Tricuspid & Pulmonary
(c) Mitral & Aortic
(d) Pulmonary & Aortic
(e) Mitral & Pulmonary
____76. Which one of the following drugs would decrease the formation of blood clots? [see p. 186]
(a) aldosterone
(b) “beta-blockers” (sympatholytic drugs)
(c) heparin
(d) TPA
(e) nitroglycerin
(ab) erythropoietin
(ac) angiotensinogen
____77. During what phase of the heart beat are all 4 valves of the heart closed?
(a) Filling Phase of Diastole
(b) Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase of Diastole
(c) Ejection Phase of Systole
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above; all 4 valves are never closed at the same time
____78. At rest, the amount of blood being pumped by the Right and Left Ventricles is about: [see pp. 168 & 210]
(a) 2.5 L/min for each ventricle
(b) 5 L/min for each ventricle
(c) 5 L/min for the Left Ventricle and 3 L/min for the Right Ventricle
(d) 3 L/min for the Right Ventricle and 5 L/min for the Left Ventricle
(e) 10 L/min for each ventricle
____79. Epinephrine causes all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) h sinus rhythm [see p. 211]
(b) h coronary blood flow
(c) h myocardial contractility
(d) h End Systolic Volume (ESV)
(e) h Cardiac Outuput (CO)
____80. The Aortic Blood Pressure normally peaks at about _____ mm Hg.
(a) 8 [see pp. 206 & 208]
(b) 25
(c) 36
(d) 50
(e) 75
(ab) 100
(ac) 120
(ad) 180
(ae) 200
(bc) 250
____81. The higher a patient's ______, the harder their Left Ventricle has to work.
(a) systemic DBP [see p. 209]
(b) systemic SBP
(c) pulmonary DBP
(d) pulmonary SBP
____82. During what phase of the heart beat does the Left Intraventricular Pressure become less than the Aortic Blood Pressure? [see p. 206]
(a) Filling Phase of Diastole
(b) Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase of Diastole
(c) Isovolumetric Contraction Phase of Systole
(d) Ejection Phase of Systole
____83. As the Left Intraventricular Pressure becomes lower than the Aortic Blood Pressure, the: [see pp. 206 & 207]
(a) Left A-V Valve opens
(b) Left A-V Valve shuts
(c) Aortic Valve opens
(d) Aortic Valve shuts
____84. The "dupp" sound is caused by: [see pp. 204 & 206]
(a) opening of the A-V Valves
(b) closing of the A-V Valves
(c) opening of the Semi-lunar Valves
(d) closing of the Semi-lunar Valves
____85. The arterial pulse is used to determine a patient's:
(a) Blood Pressure [see p. 207]
(b) Heart Rate
(c) Stroke Volume
(d) Aortic Valve function
(e) Cardiac Output
(ab) Electrical Refractory Period
____86. During what phase of the heartbeat is the Intraventricular Pressure (continuously) lower than the Intra-atrial Pressure? [see p. 207]
(a) Filling Phase of Diastole
(b) Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase of Diastole
(c) Isovolumetric Contraction Phase of Systole
(d) Ejection Phase of Systole
____87. The "Preload" on the heart refers to the: [see p. 211]
(a) Heart Rate (HR)
(b) Venous Return (VR)
(c) arterial Diastolic Blood Pressure
(d) End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
(e) arterial Systolic Blood Pressure
____88. According to the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart:
(a) a decreased (i) “Preload” will increase (h) the Stroke Volume
(b) an increased (h) “Afterload” will increase (h) the Stroke Volume
(c) an increased (h) “Preload” will increase (h) the Stroke Volume
(d) the volume of blood ejected by the Rt. Ventricle is not equal to