PMHS Name______

AP PSYCH

AIM: Does behaviorism explain ALL aspects of learning?

Avoidance

Escape

Explain why the following are examples of negative reinforcement and avoidance (A) or escape (E)

______Student wakes up and shuts off buzzing clock (beep-beep-beep)

______Rat goes through maze after it is tapped on the butt. (tap-tap-tap)

______Rat goes over dowel rod quickly, so he/she does not fall.

______Student wakes up so he/she does not miss bus or ride and is late to school.

In what order do behaviorists present reinforcement in operant conditioning?

(antecedent stimulus) AFTER ______, then ______which can be ______or ______

In what order is classical conditioning BEST?

______then while that is ending; present ______; Also called ______conditioning

BEHAVIORISM vs. CRITICS!!!! Maybe we do not

always need rewards/consequences to learn!

Classical Conditioning / Operant Conditioning / Cognitive Conditioning / Social or observational Conditioning

Behaviorists only study o______behaviors, so they do not believe the study of thoughts, feelings is scientific.

Criticisms of behaviorism

Radical behaviorists (Skinner and Watson, and their followers) believed that all behavior resulted from reinforcement. Watson went as far as saying that he can make a lawyer or a beggar or a doctor or a thief of any child just by controlling the child’s reinforcements. Skinner wrote a novel Walden II describing his vision of an ideal society based on the principles of behaviorism and a token economy. They assume that the mind is a blank

slate or ______, that everything someone becomes depends on the environment and that there is no learning without reinforcement. This was a quite extreme position, and some researchers began to challenge behaviorism.

How did Edward C. Tolman provide evidence against behaviorism?

Rat experiment in maze:

Latent learning and cognitive maps:

1.  The initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened. ______

2.  Anything in the environment that elicits a response. ______

3.  An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. ______

4.  In operant conditioning, this occurs when a response is no longer followed by a consequence. It occurs in classical conditioning when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus. ______

5.  Reinforcement of the desired response every time it occurs. ______

6.  In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. ______- ______

7.  The type of reinforcer that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. ______

8.  Learning that occurs, but is not apparent, until there is an incentive to demonstrate the learning. ______

9.  In classical conditioning, a stimulus that "unconditionally"—naturally and automatically – triggers a response. ______

10. An innately (naturally) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. ______

11. A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. ______

12. The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response. ______

13. A form of conditioning in which an organism comes to "associate" a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus will elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. ______

14. Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. ______

15. In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (an example would be glancing at the sky in hopes of seeing a falling star. You would only be reinforced occasionally, over a period of time REGARDLESS of how often you looked at the sky). To put it another way, reinforcement will occur only after a random amount of time has passed. ______- ______

16. The psychological perspective that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies observable behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist agree with (1) but not (2). ______

17. In classical conditioning, an original neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. ______

18. An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows. ______

19. The tendency, once a response has been conditioned (learned), for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses. ______

20. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. ______

21. A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. ______

22. Classical conditioning is also called this, due to the researcher who first described and studied it. ______

23. The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli. This is seen (in different forms) in both classical and operant conditioning. ______

24. The "effect" of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. This may eventually decrease intrinsic motivation. ______

25. Reinforcing a response only part of the time. This results in slower acquisition of responses, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. ______

26. A conditioned (learned) reinforcer. It gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. ______

  1. In classical conditioning, the "learned" response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. ______