A.P. Gov’tName:

Ms. NewmanPeriod:

The Evolution of Federalism

  • Definition of Federalism:
  • Advantages of Federalism:
  • Multiple levels of government provide flexibility
  • Citizens have many ways to influence their government
  • Disadvantages of Federalism:
  • The complexity of the federal system
  • Coordination confusion
  • Slow to respond to crisis
  • Federalism is ______
  • Dual (Layer Cake)Federalism: Views the Constitution as giving a limited list of powers to the national government, leaving the rest to sovereign states.
  • Cooperative (Marble Cake) Federalism:
  • The Significance of the 10th Amendment
  • Why Divide Authority in the First Place?
  • The Constitution may have never been ratified if the Framers had pushed for a unitary system
  • Federalism was a compromise, allowing the states to maintain their independence
  • Why?

“State-Centered Federalism” 1787-1868

  • From the adoption of the Constitution to the end of the Civil War, the states were the most important units of the American Federal System
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) decided during this phase
  • Construes “______” to favor expansion of national authority
  • Doctrine of Implied National Powers
  • Doctrine of National Supremacy
  • Doctrine of ______: Each state could declare any laws or actions of the national government “null and void”.
  • Doctrine of ______: States could choose to withdraw from the United States if they wanted. Used by the Confederate States in the Civil War.

“Dual Federalism” 1868-1913

“Cooperative Federalism” 1913-1964

  • New Deal= centralized response to national crisis, become nationally-based welfare state
  • ______controls commerce leading up to and during WWII

“Centralized” or “Creative” Federalism 1964-1980

  • LBJ (1963-1969) marked a critical point in the evolution of federalism
  • Federal government clearly had its own ______goals
  • Federal funds were directed to states, local governments, and a wide variety of society programs

New Federalism (1980-?)

Devolution (Beginning in 1995)

  • The Republican “______” called for devolution—the transfer of political and economic power to the states (with decreased federal funding)

The Supreme Court’s Shift in Perspective

  • Beginning in ______, justices interested in granting more deference to state authority gained a slim 5-4 majority in the Supreme Court
  • The Constitutional Counterrevolution
  • A return to an older version of federalism not embraced since the constitutional crisis over the ______in the 1930s
  • United States v. Lopez (1995)
  • United States v. Morrison (2000)

The Changing Nature of Federal Grants

  • In 1996 there was a shift from Categorical Grants to Block Grants
  • 2 types of Categorical Grants (Grants-in-Aid)
  • Block Grants (Revenue-sharing Grants): far more flexible
  • Grants-in-Aid:

The Future of Federalism

  • The persistence of international terrorism, the war in Afghanistan, and rising deficits all ensure a substantial role for the national government in the years to come
  • No Child Left Behind