Exam 2 Review
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Lauren
Course: / Biol 212
Instructor: / Dr. Coffman/Powell-Coffman
Date: / 10/10/2017
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to illustrate and describe the basic structure of a nucleotide and explain how the nucleotides are assembled into nucleic acid polymers.
  2. Draw one nucleotide[1].
  3. Draw another that is bonded to th[2]e first.
  4. What kind of reaction is [3]this?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to explain the concept of complementary base pairing and how this forms the foundation for DNA replication.
  2. If a genome is made of 45% base A, can you find the perc[4]entages of the other bases?
  3. Why are complementary bases nece[5]ssary for replication?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the functional role that DNA serves in cells.
  2. Why do we need DNA? What does DNA d[6]o?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the landmark experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material.
  2. What experiments [7]aided in the discovery of DNA?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the landmark experiments that demonstrated that DNA undergoes semiconservative replication rather than conservative or dispersive.
  2. Describe or draw the possible mec[8]hanisms of replication.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the structure of a DNA molecule. Which bonds are covalent? What is the role of hydrogen bonding?
  2. Draw a double helix and label the bonds[9] present.
  3. Which bonds are the weakest, which [10]bonds are the strongest?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to explain the importance of high fidelity/accuracy in DNA replication.
  2. Why does DNA replication nee[11]d to be accurate?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able t[12]o compare and contrast leading strand and lagging strand DNA synthesis.
  2. Draw a replication fork that moves in both directions.
  3. What proteins are needed for DNA synthesis? What do they do?
  4. Add these proteins into your replication fork.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the end replication problem and how this leads to the shortening of chromosomes as cell undergo cell divisions.
  2. What is the end of r[13]eplication problem?
  3. How do we solve this issue?
  4. What can impact this shortening?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the function of telomerase.
  2. Draw a chromosome before and after telom[14]erase has functioned.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to compare and contrast the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and RNA.
  2. Draw examples of primary, second[15]ary, and tertiary structures of RNA and DNA.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to explain examples of the concept of genotype to phenotype and how mutations in genes can provide information about gene function.
  2. Define genotype and phenotype. G[16]ive examples of each.
  3. Hypothesize how mutations in ea[17]ch would impact gene function.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the central dogma, how information encoded in the DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
  2. Draw a diagram of the central[18] dogma.
  3. Where do each of these steps take place?
  4. What do we need to complete each process?
  1. Learning Outcome: If given a DNA or RNA sequence plus a codon table, you will be able to determine the sequence of amino acids.
  2. Create a DNA sequence, transcribe it into RNA, and then translate it into protein.
  1. Learning Outcome: If given the nature of a large-scale chromosome mutation such as a translocation, duplication, or deletion, you will be to describe how this could affect the expression of a gene.
  2. What are the possible mutations[19] in a gene?
  3. What happens to the gene in each case?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe and diagram how transcription by RNA polymerases produces an RNA complementary to a template DNA strand.
  2. What do we need for transcription to take pla[20]ce?
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to explain to another person three steps involved in RNA processing in eukaryotes and how these result in a mature messenger RNA.
  2. Draw a preRNA strand and h[21]ow it could look after processing.
  3. Draw another possible confirmation after processing.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe and diagram the process of translation.
  2. What are the steps involved i[22]n translation?
  3. Draw a diagram of translation.[23]
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe the roles that transfer RNAs play in translation.
  2. Draw the tRNA that matches up with your se[24]quence from question 14.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to compare and contrast the processes of protein synthesis for cytosolic proteins and those that are trafficked through the endomembrane system.
  2. Make a flowchart for prote[25][26]in trafficking.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to describe similarities and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and the protein trafficking of newly synthesized proteins.
  2. Diagram the different ways[27][28] in which cells take in and excrete material.
  1. Learning Outcome: You will be able to explain to another person how the ribosome, an mRNA, and aminoacyl tRNAs function[29] together in the process of protein translation.
  2. Draw a ribosome.
  3. Add in the mRNA and tRNA in relation to this ribosome.
  4. Indicate directionality.

[1]

[2]

[3]condensation

[4]45 T, 5 C 5 G

[5]double stranded, matches up, replicated correctly

[6]DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.

[7]

[8]

messelson stahl

[9]

[10]

[11]inaccurate - mutation

mutation - could impact function

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]point mutations-

change one base pair

silent - no codon change

missense - changes codon

nonsense - stop codon

frameshift - add or delete base

[20]

[21]

[22]initiation, elongation, termniation

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]attached chart assumes ribosome on the ER

it could also be a free ribosome that releases the protein into the cytosol

[27]

[28]phagocytosis is also a thing - taking in larger molecules

[29]