Orizaola, Dahl, Nicieza and Laurila.“Amphibian life history and anti-predator strategies are affected by time constraints driven by breeding phenology”. Electronic Supplementary Material

Fig. S1 Map showing the four Rana temporaria localities included in the study

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Orizaola, Dahl, Nicieza and Laurila.“Amphibian life history and anti-predator strategies are affected by time constraints driven by breeding phenology”. Electronic Supplementary Material

Fig. S2 Position of the 19 landmarks used for geometric morphometric analyses in R. temporaria tadpoles

1 -Anterior-most edge of the nose

2 - Centre of the eye

3 - Ventral point of the head/body at 1/3rd of the distance between #1 and #9

4 - Dorsal point of the head/body at 2/3rds of the distance between #1 and #9

5 - Ventral point of the head/body directly below #4

6 -Point at which the dorsal tail fin joins the top of the head/body

7 -Intersection of the dorsal edge of the tail muscle and the head/body

8 - Intersection of the notochord and the head/body

9 - Intersection of the ventral edge of the tail muscle and the head/body

10 - Intersection between the anus and the lower edge of the tail fin

11 - Dorsal edge of the tail fin at 1/4rd of the distance between #8 and #19

12 - Ventral edge of the tail fin directly below #11

13 - Dorsal edge of the tail fin at 2/4rds of the distance between #8 and #19

14 - Dorsal edge of the tail muscle directly below #13

15 - Ventral edge of the tail muscle directly below #13

16 - Ventral edge of the tail fin directly below #13

17 - Dorsal edge of the tail fin at 3/4rds of the distance between #8 and #19

18 - Ventral edge of the tail fin directly below #17

19 - Tip of the tail

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Orizaola, Dahl, Nicieza and Laurila.“Amphibian life history and anti-predator strategies are affected by time constraints driven by breeding phenology”. Electronic Supplementary Material

Table S1Repeated-measures GLM ANOVA with type III sum of squares to examine the effects of geographic area (North vs. South), year of experiment (2008 vs. 2009), and predator treatment (P vs. NP) on tadpole behaviour.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

SS / df / MS / F / P
Year / 0.007 / 1 / 0.007 / 0.235 / 0.629
Area / 2.306 / 1 / 2.306 / 75.08 / 0.000
Predation / 7.794 / 1 / 7.794 / 253.8 / 0.000
Year * Area / 0.082 / 1 / 0.082 / 2.664 / 0.106
Year * Predation / 0.537 / 1 / 0.537 / 17.488 / 0.000
Area * Predation / 0.131 / 1 / 0.131 / 4.267 / 0.042
Year * Area * Predation / 0.112 / 1 / 0.112 / 4.23 / 0.043
Error / 2.702 / 88 / 0.031

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects (Greenhouse-Geisser method)

SS / df / MS / F / P
day / 0.009 / 1.63 / 0.005 / 0.164 / 0.805
day * Year / 0.000 / 1.63 / 0.000 / 0.001 / 0.998
day * Area / 0.433 / 1.63 / 0.266 / 7.953 / 0.001
day * Predation / 0.326 / 1.63 / 0.200 / 5.979 / 0.006
day * Year * Area / 0.179 / 1.63 / 0.110 / 3.278 / 0.050
day * Year * Predation / 0.085 / 1.63 / 0.052 / 1.567 / 0.215
day * Area * Predation / 0.493 / 1.63 / 0.303 / 9.043 / 0.001
day * Year * Area * Pred. / 0.102 / 1.63 / 0.063 / 1.873 / 0.165
Error(day) / 4.795 / 143.29 / 0.033

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Orizaola, Dahl, Nicieza and Laurila.“Amphibian life history and anti-predator strategies are affected by time constraints driven by breeding phenology”. Electronic Supplementary Material

Table S2GLMs with type III sum of squares to examine the effects of geographic area, year of experiment, and predator treatment on tadpole morphology (relative warps RW1 and RW2).

RW1 / 52.76% of variance explained
SS / df / MS / F / P
Year / 0.005 / 1 / 0.005 / 20.254 / 0.000
Area / 0.040 / 1 / 0.040 / 157.057 / 0.000
Predation / 0.001 / 1 / 0.001 / 5.630 / 0.020
Year * Area / 0.001 / 1 / 0.001 / 2.383 / 0.126
Year * Predation / 0.000 / 1 / 0.000 / 0.763 / 0.385
Area * Predation / 0.000 / 1 / 0.000 / 1.471 / 0.228
Year * Area * Pred. / 0.000 / 1 / 0.000 / 0.457 / 0.501
Error / 0.022 / 85 / 0.000
RW2 / 21.15% of variance explained
SS / df / MS / F / P
Year / 0.000 / 1 / 0.000 / 0.26 / 0.615
Area / 0.004 / 1 / 0.004 / 43.96 / 0.000
Predation / 0.008 / 1 / 0.008 / 82.93 / 0.000
Year * Area / 0.005 / 1 / 0.005 / 51.72 / 0.000
Year * Predation / 0.001 / 1 / 0.001 / 10.34 / 0.002
Area * Predation / 0.000 / 1 / 0.000 / 0.25 / 0.621
Year * Area * Pred. / 0.001 / 1 / 0.001 / 9.81 / 0.002
Error / 0.008 / 85 / 0.001

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Orizaola, Dahl, Nicieza and Laurila.“Amphibian life history and anti-predator strategies are affected by time constraints driven by breeding phenology”. Electronic Supplementary Material

Table S3GLMs with type III sum of squares to examine the effects of geographic area, year of experiment, and predator treatment on the duration of the larval period, mass at metamorphosis and growth rate.

Larval period
SS / df / MS / F / P
Area / 808.985 / 1 / 808.985 / 188.294 / 0.000
Year / 294.747 / 1 / 294.747 / 68.603 / 0.000
Predation / 346.728 / 1 / 346.728 / 80.702 / 0.000
Year * Area / 47.622 / 1 / 47.622 / 11.084 / 0.001
Year * Predation / 0.795 / 1 / 0.795 / 0.185 / 0.668
Area * Predation / 11.180 / 1 / 11.180 / 2.602 / 0.110
Year * Area * Pred. / 1.426 / 1 / 1.426 / 0.332 / 0.566
Error / 378.083 / 88 / 4.296
Mass at metamorphosis
SS / df / MS / F / P
Area / 0.03 / 1 / 0.03 / 7.52 / 0.007
Year / 0.15 / 1 / 0.15 / 37.30 / 0.000
Predation / 0.02 / 1 / 0.02 / 5.50 / 0.021
Year * Area / 0.12 / 1 / 0.12 / 29.86 / 0.000
Year * Predation / 0.00 / 1 / 0.00 / 0.81 / 0.370
Area * Predation / 0.01 / 1 / 0.01 / 1.56 / 0.216
Year * Area * Pred. / 0.00 / 1 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.925
Error / 0.36 / 88 / 0.00
Growth rate
SS / df / MS / F / P
Area / 87.60 / 1 / 87.60 / 17.47 / 0.000
Year / 9.57 / 1 / 9.57 / 1.91 / 0.171
Predation / 25.28 / 1 / 25.28 / 5.04 / 0.027
Year * Area / 43.99 / 1 / 43.99 / 8.77 / 0.004
Year * Predation / 4.38 / 1 / 4.38 / 0.87 / 0.353
Area * Predation / 10.54 / 1 / 10.54 / 2.10 / 0.151
Year * Area * Pred. / 0.05 / 1 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.925
Error / 441.24 / 88 / 5.01

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