Appendix 3. References to abstracts included in study.
1. Aabom B, Kragstrup J, Vondeling H et al. Defining cancer patients as being in the terminal phase: who receives a formal diagnosis, and what are the effects? J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:7411-7416.
2. Addington-Hall JM, Karlsen S. A national survey of health professionals and volunteers working in voluntary hospice services in the UK. I. Attitudes to current issues affecting hospices and palliative care. Palliat Med 2005, 19:40-48.
3. Addington-Hall JM, Karlsen S. A national survey of health professionals and volunteers working in voluntary hospices in the UK. II. Staff and volunteers' experiences of working in hospices. Palliat Med 2005, 19:49-57.
4. Addington-Hall J, Altmann D. Which terminally ill cancer patients in the United Kingdom receive care from community specialist palliative care nurses? J Adv Nurs 2000, 32:799-806.
5. Agar M. Prospective study of predictors of the diagnosis of deliriuim or future development of the delirium: the association between serum anticholinergic levels and diagnosis or future development of delirium in palliative care patients with advanced cancer (ongoing). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register. [
6. Anderson H, Addington-Hall JM, Peake MD et al. Domiciliary chemotherapy with gemcitabine is safe and acceptable to advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients: results of a feasibility study. Br J Cancer 2003, 89:2190-2196.
7. Anderson H, Ward C, Eardley A et al. The concerns of patients under palliative care and a heart failure clinic are not being met. Palliat Med 2001, 15:279-286.
8. Apolone G, Bertetto O, Caraceni A et al. Cancer Pain Outcome Research Study Group: Pain in cancer. An outcome research project to evaluate the epidemiology, the quality and the effects of pain treatment in cancer patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006, 4:7.
9. Armes PJ, Higginson IJ. What constitutes high-quality HIV/AIDS palliative care? J Palliat Care 1999, 15:5-12.
10. Armes PJ, Addington-Hall JM. Perspectives on symptom control in patients receiving community palliative care. Palliat Med 2003, 17:608-615.
11. Arnau Solé G, Juanes Hernándiz MJ, Aguilar Martín C et al. Evolución de la anorexia en función del abordaje terapéutico en una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos durante el año 2000. [Evolution of the anorexia according to the treatment in a Palliative Care Unit during the year 2000.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2003, 10:66-71.
[
12. Ashby M, Fleming B, Wood M et al. Plasma morphine and glucuronide (M3G and M6G) concentrations in hospice inpatients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997, 14:157-167.
13. Aste H, Munizzi F, Martines H et al. Esophageal dilation in malignant dysphagia. Cancer 1985, 56:2713-2715.
14. Ávila Tato R. Perfusión continua subcutánea: utilidad de la combinación de fármacos. [Continuous subcutaneous perfusion: usefulness of combined drugs.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2005, 12:215-219. [
15. Bagg J, Sweeney MP, Lewis MA et al. High prevalence of non-albicans yeasts and detection of anti-fungal resistance in the oral flora of patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med 2003, 17:477-481.
16. Balboni TA, Vanderwerker LC, Block SD et al. Religiousness and spiritual support among advanced cancer patients and associations with end-of-life treatment preferences and quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:555-560.
17. Ball K, Sweeney MP, Baxter WP et al. Fluconazole sensitivities of Candida species isolated from the mouths of terminally ill cancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1998, 15:315-319.
18. Barber MD, Fearon KC, Tisdale MJ et al. Effect of a fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement on metabolic mediators in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Nutr Cancer 2001, 40:118-124.
19. Barbera L, Paszat L Chartier, C. Indicators of poor quality end-of-life cancer care in Ontario. J Palliat Care 2006, 22:12-17.
20. Barnett TD, Rubins J. Placement of a permanent tunneled peritoneal drainage catheter for palliation of malignant ascites: a simplified percutaneous approach. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002, 13:379-383.
21. Bausewein C, Fegg M, Radbruch L et al. Validation and clinical application of the german version of the palliative care outcome scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005, 30:51-62.
22. Bayés R, Limonero JT, Barreto P et al. Protocolo de una investigación multicéntrica sobre aspectos emocionales en enfermos en situación terminal. [A research system for emotional needs of terminal patients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2001, 8:71-79.
23. Bayés R, Limonero JT, Buendía B et al. Evaluación de la ansiedad ante la muerte. [Death anxiety assessment.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 1999, 6:140-143.
24. Bennett MI. Death rattle: an audit of hyoscine (scopolamine) use and review of management. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996, 12:229-233.
25. Bennett M, Cresswell H. Factors influencing constipation in advanced cancer patients: a prospective study of opioid dose, dantron dose and physical functioning. Palliat Med 2003, 17:418-422.
26. Benson M. Measuring Hope and Hopelessness in Cancer. CareSearch Project Research Studies Register. [
27. Benson M. Prospective Audit of Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Ketamine in the Management of Cancer Pain (1). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register. [
28. Benson M. Clinical Use, Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Ketamine in the Management of Cancer Pain at Peter MacCallum Cancer Care Centre- A Retrospective Chart Audit (2). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register. [
29. Bentley A, Boyd K. Use of clinical pictures in the management of nausea and vomiting: a prospective audit. Palliat Med 2001, 15:247-253.
30. Bercovitch M, Waller A, Adunsky A. High dose morphine use in the hospice setting. A database survey of patient characteristics and effect on life expectancy. Cancer 1999, 86:871-877.
31. Bezjak A, Adam J, Barton R et al. Symptom response after palliative radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases. Eur J Cancer 2002, 38:487-496.
32. Bhatt ML, Mohani BK, Kumar L et al. Palliative treatment of advanced non small cell lung cancer with weekly fraction radiotherapy. Indian J Cancer 2000, 37:148-152.
33. Bieligk SC, Calvo BF, Coit DG. Peritoneovenous shunting for nongynecologic malignant ascites. Cancer 2001, 91:1247-1255.
34. Birch JF, White SA, Berry DP et al. A cost-benefit comparison of self-expanding metal stents and Atkinson tubes for the palliation of obstructing esophageal tumors. Dis Esophagus 1998, 11:172-176.
35. Brandt HE, Deliens L, Ooms ME et al. Symptoms, signs, problems, and diseases of terminally ill nursing home patients: a nationwide observational study in the Netherlands. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:314-320.
36. Brandt HE, Deliens L, van der Steen JT et al. The last days of life of nursing home patients with and without dementia assessed with the palliative care outcome scale. Palliat Med 2005, 19:334-342.
37. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Pessin H et al. Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer. JAMA 2000, 284:2907-2911.
38. Brewster AE, Davidson SE, Makin WP et al. Intraluminal brachytherapy using the high dose rate microSelectron in the palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1995, 7:102-105.
39. Bruera E, Suarez-Almazor M, Velasco A et al. The assessment of constipation in terminal cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit: a retrospective review. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994, 9:515-519.
40. Bruera E, Franco JJ, Maltoni M et al. Changing pattern of agitated impaired mental status in patients with advanced cancer: association with cognitive monitoring, hydration, and opioid rotation. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995, 10:287-291.
41. Burt J, Barclay S, Marshall N et al. Continuity within primary palliative care: an audit of general practice out-of-hours co-operatives. J Public Health (Oxf) 2004, 26:275-276.
42. Burt J, Shipman C, White P et al. Roles, service knowledge and priorities in the provision of palliative care: a postal survey of London GPs. Palliat Med 2006, 20:487-492.
43. Busquet Durán X, Morros Torné C, Busquet Mas C et al. La vía subcutánea en atención domiciliaria: un estudio prospective. [Subcutaneous route in home care: a prospective study]. Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2001, 8:173-180. [
44. Canal Sotelo J, Barallat Gimeno E, Vivas Brou C et al. Valoración de la implantación de un Programa Integral de Cuidados Paliativos. Visión retrospectiva 1995-1999. [Evaluation of the developement of a palliative car program. Review from 1995 to 1999.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2004, 11:20-24.
[
45. Carmona Sáez T, Gómez Blázquez MA, Romero Mayoral P et al. Escala de Capacidad de Cuidados en Domicilio (ECCD): resultados preliminaries. [Home Care Capacity Scale (HCCS): preliminary results.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2005, 12:197-203.
[
46. Catt, S, Blanchard M, Addington-Hall J et al. Older adults' attitudes to death, palliative treatment and hospice care. Palliat Med 2005, 19:402-410.
47. Cello JP, Grendell JH, Basuk P et al. Effect of octreotide on refractory AIDS-associated diarrhea. A prospective, multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:705-710.
48. Centeno C, Sánchez R, Vara F. Metadona en el tratamiento del dolor por cáncer: experiencia del Hospital Los Montalvos, Salamanca. [Methadone in the treatment of cancer pain: the experience of Hospital Los Montalvos, Salamanca.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2004, 11:157-163. [
49. Cerchietti L, Navigante A, Sauri A et al. Hypodermoclysis for control of dehydration in terminal-stage cancer. Int J Palliat Nurs 2000, 6:370-374.
50. Chambers JC. Should we screen hospice inpatients for orthostatic hypotension? Palliat Med 2005, 19:314-318.
51. Chambers JC. Does the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug increase the likelihood of receiving a blood transfusion? Unpublished, personal communication.
52. Chambers JC. What should an out-of-hours service stock for emergency use in syringe drivers? Unpublished, personal communication.
53. Chambers JC. One hundred consecutive falls in a hospice inpatient unit: are newly prescribed psychotropics to blame? (ongoing) Unpublished, personal communication.
54. Chang E. Palliative Care Dementia Interface: Enhancing Community Capacity. CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
55. Chang E. Decision making frameworks in advanced dementia: links to improved care. CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
56. Chang E. Evaluation of an information booklet for family carers of people with dementia. CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
57. Chapman, Y (contact investigator Lee, S). A very public death - exploring the needs of a person dying of mesothelioma or asbestos related lung disease
58. Chater S, Viola R, Paterson J et al. Sedation for intractable distress in the dying - a survey of experts. Palliat Med 1998, 12:255-269.
59. Chen LK, Chou YC, Hsu PS et al. Antibiotic prescription for fever episodes in hospice patients. Support Care Cancer 2002, 10:538-541.
60. Cherlin E, Fried T, Prigerson HG et al. Communication between physicians and family caregivers about care at the end of life: when do discussions occur and what is said? J Palliat Med 2005, 8:1176-1185.
61. Chiu TY, Hu WY, Lue BH et al. Sedation for refractory symptoms of terminal cancer patients in Taiwan. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001, 21:467-472.
62. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M et al. Prevalence of depression in the terminally ill: effects of diagnostic criteria and symptom threshold judgments. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:537-540.
63. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M et al. Depression, Hopelessness, and suicidal ideation in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics 1998, 39:366-370.
64. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M et al. Desire for death in the terminally ill. Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152:1185-1191.
65. Chong K, Olson EM, Banc TE et al. Types and rate of implementation of palliative care team recommendations for care of hospitalized veterans. J Palliat Med 2004, 7:784-790.
66. Chow E, Wong R, Hruby G et al. Prospective patient-based assessment of effectiveness of palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases. Radiother Oncol 2001, 61:77-82.
67. Christakis NA, Escarce JJ. Survival of Medicare patients after enrollment in hospice programs. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:172-178.
68. Christakis NA, Iwashyna TJ. Impact of individual and market factors on the timing of initiation of hospice terminal care. Med Care 2000, 38:528-541.
69. Christakis NA, Iwashyna TJ. The health impact of health care on families: a matched cohort study of hospice use by decedents and mortality outcomes in surviving, widowed spouses. Soc Sci Med 2003, 57:465-475.
70. Christakis NA, Lamont EB. Extent and determinants of error in doctors' prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000, 320:469-472.
71. Christakis NA. Timing of referral of terminally ill patients to an outpatient hospice. J Gen Intern Med 1994, 9:314-320.
72. Clare C, Royle D, Saharia K et al. Painful bone metastases: a prospective observational cohort study. Palliat Med 2005, 19:521-525.
73. Clayton J, Fardell B, Hutton-Potts J et al. Parenteral antibiotics in a palliative care unit: prospective analysis of current practice. Palliat Med 2003, 17:44-48.
74. Cohen LM, Germain M, Poppel DM et al. Dialysis discontinuation and palliative care. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36:140-144.
75. Collete N. Expresión plástica del dolor por el paciente. [Drawing representation of pain made by patients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2002, 9:141-147. [
76. Collin E, Poulain P, Gauvain-Piquard A et al. Is disease progression the major factor in morphine 'tolerance' in cancer pain treatment? Pain 1993, 55:319-326.
77. Costantini M, Toscani F, Gallucci M et al. Italian Cooperative Research Group on Palliative Medicine: Terminal cancer patients and timing of referral to palliative care: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999, 18:243-252.
78. Costantini M, Higginson IJ, Boni L et al. Effect of a palliative home care team on hospital admissions among patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med 2003, 17:315-321.
79. Crawford J, Demetri GD, Gabrilove JL et al. Clinical benefits of epoetin alfa therapy in patients with lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2002, 3:180-190.
80. Crawford G. Objective Assessment of the trajectory of the course of illness for end of life non-cancer related diseases - biological, social and environmental determinants (ongoing). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register
81. Dafermou A, Colamussi P, Giganti M et al. A multicentre observational study of radionuclide therapy in patients with painful bone metastases of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 2001, 28:788-798.
82. Dauphin S, Katz S, el Tamer M et al. Chemotherapy is a safe and effective initial therapy for infected malignant breast and chest wall ulcers. J Surg Oncol 1997, 66:186-188.
83. Davies E, Clarke C, Hopkins A. Malignant cerebral glioma--I: Survival, disability, and morbidity after radiotherapy. BMJ 1996, 313:1507-1512.
84. Davies E, Clarke C, Hopkins A. Malignant cerebral glioma--II: Perspectives of patients and relatives on the value of radiotherapy. BMJ 1996, 313:1512-1516.
85. Davis J. Phase II study into olanzepine in anorexia cachexia. (existence suggested by another email respondent).
86. Detmar SB, Muller MJ, Wever LD et al. The patient-physician relationship. Patient-physician communication during outpatient palliative treatment visits: an observational study. JAMA 2001, 285:1351-1357.
87. Deus i Yela J, Villar-Fernández JL, Salas-Cortés M et al. Estudio piloto prospectivo del deterioro cognitivo en pacientes oncológicos paliativos ambulatorios. [Prospective pilot study of cognitive impairment in palliative oncologic outpatients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2005, 12:6-11.
[
88. Douglas HR, Normand CE, Higginson IJ et al. A new approach to eliciting patients' preferences for palliative day care: the choice experiment method. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005, 29:435-445.
89. Douglas HR, Higginson IJ, Myers K et al. Assessing structure, process and outcome in palliative day care: a pilot study for a multicentre trial. Health Soc Care Community 2000, 8:336-344.
90. Douglas HR, Normand CE, Higginson IJ et al. Palliative Day Care Project Group: Palliative day care: what does it cost to run a centre and does attendance affect use of other services? Palliat Med 2003, 17:628-637.
91. Dunckley M, Aspinal F, Addington-Hall JM et al. A research study to identify facilitators and barriers to outcome measure implementation. Int J Palliat Nurs 2005, 11:218-225.
92. Dunckley M, Hughes R, Addington-Hall J et al. Language translation of outcome measurement tools: views of health professionals. Int J Palliat Nurs 2003, 9:49-55.
93. Edmonds P, Davies C. Experience of the use of subcutaneous ketamine in patients with cancer-relatedneuropathic pain. Proceedings of the European Association for Palliative Care Conference, London. 1997. [
94. Edmonds P, Higginson I, Altmann D et al. Is the presence of dyspnoea a risk factor for morbidity in cancer patients? J Pain Symptom Manage 2000, 19:15-22.
95. Edmonds P, Karlsen S, Khan S et al. A comparison of the palliative care needs of patients dying from chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Palliat Med 2001, 15:287-295.
96. Eickhoff A, Hartmann D, Jakobs R et al. [Comparison of 3 types of covered self-expanding metal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia: results from the prospective Ludwigshafen Esophageal Cancer Register] Z Gastroenterol 2005, 43:1113-1121.
97. Elkington H, White P, Addington-Hall J et al. The last year of life of COPD: a qualitative study of symptoms and services. Respir Med 2004, 98:439-445.
98. Ell C, Hochberger J, May A et al. Coated and uncoated self-expanding metal stents for malignant stenosis in the upper GI tract: preliminary clinical experiences with Wallstents. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89:1496-1500.
99. Eslava Gurrea E, Viguria Arrieta JM, Rocafort Gil J et al. Sedación con midazolam. Eficacia de un protocolo de tratamiento en pacientes terminales con síntomas no controlables con otros medios. [Sedation with midazolam. Effectiveness of protocol for tratment in terminal pattient with non controllable symptoms by other means.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2000, 7:2-5. [
100. Eve A, Higginson IJ. Minimum dataset activity for hospice and hospital palliative care services in the UK 1997/98. Palliat Med 2000, 14:395-404.
101. Fainsinger RL, Waller A, Bercovici M et al. A multicentre international study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. Palliat Med 2000, 14:257-265.
102. Fainsinger RL, De Moissac D, Mancini I et al. Sedation for delirium and other symptoms in terminally ill patients in Edmonton. J Palliat Care 2000, 16:5-10.
103. Fainsinger RL, Landman W, Hoskings M et al. Sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in a South African hospice. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998, 16:145-152.
104. Fainsinger RL, MacEachern T, Miller MJ et al. The use of hypodermoclysis for rehydration in terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994, 9:298-302.
105. Farquhar MC, Barclay SI, Earl H et al. Barriers to effective communication across the primary/secondary interface: examples from the ovarian cancer patient journey (a qualitative study). Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2005, 14:359-366.
106. Fernández González MJ, Roces Camino JR, Valdés Gómez C et al. Equipo de soporte de atención domiciliaria. Resumen de la actividad realizada en los dieciséis primeros meses de funcionamiento del ESAD. Área Sanitaria V-Gijón (1 de octubre, 2000 a 31 de enero, 2002). [Analysis of the activity of a Home Care Support Team.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2003, 10:72-77. [
107. Fleming J. Assessment of Post-operative Pain Management in Patient Undergoing Surgery in a Cancer Hospital: An Audit using the VQC Pain Assessment Tool-kit (ongoing). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
108. Fleming, J (ongoing). Retrospective and Prospective Audit of Gabapentin and Pre-Gablin Prescribing for Neuropathic Pain in a Major Cancer Hospital. CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
109. Fombuena Moreno M, Espinar Cid MV. Tratamiento antibiótico en pacientes oncológicos terminales. Experiencia de una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos. [Antibiotic treatment in terminally ill oncologic patients. A Palliative Care Unit experience.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2005, 12:152-158.
[
110. Fombuena Moreno M, Espinar Cid V, García Gasc P et al. Fiebre en la última semana de vida de pacientes oncológicos terminals. [Fever in the last days of life of terminally ill oncologic patients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2002, 9:112-115. [
111. Fombuena Moreno M, Madrid Juan F, García Gascó P et al. Infección y cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Estudio de prevalencia. [Infection and oncologic palliative care. Study of prevalence.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2000, 7:135-139. [
112. Fombuena Moreno M, Espinar Cid MV, Tolosa Martínez N et al. Incidencia de infección nosocomial y sintomatología asociada en pacientes oncológicos terminals. [Incidence of nosocomial infections and symptoms associated to oncological terminal patients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2004, 11:83-88. [
113. Freeman L, Caserta M, Lund D et al. Music thanatology: prescriptive harp music as palliative care for the dying patient. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2006, 23:100-104.
114. Fridriksdottir N, Sigurdardottir V, Gunnarsdottir S. Important needs of families in acute and palliative care settings assessed with the family inventory of needs. Palliat Med 2006, 20:425-432.
115. Galvin J. An audit of pressure ulcer incidence in a palliative care setting. Int J Palliat Nurs 2002, 8:214-221.
116. García Cantero E, Prieto Redondo L, Pérez Hernández F et al. Optimización del uso de morfina como objetivo de un equipo de soporte de atención domiciliaria en un área de salud. [Improvement in morphine use as an aim of a home care team of Primary Care in a health area.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2003, 10:202-207. [
117. Garde Orbaiz C, Goenaga Sánchez MA, Millet Sanpedro M et al. Hospitalización a domicilio en la atención al paciente en situación terminal. [Hospital at home units and terminal patients.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2003, 10:127-132. [
118. Gauvain-Piquard A, Rodary C, Rezvani A et al. The development of the DEGR(R): A scale to assess pain in young children with cancer. Eur J Pain 1999, 3:165-176.
119. Gebbia V, Di Marco P, Citarrella P. Systemic chemotherapy in elderly patients with locally advanced and/or inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: impact of anaemia and role of recombinant human erythropoietin. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003, 48:S49-55.
120. Gibbs LM, Ellershaw JE, Williams MD. Caring for patients with HIV disease: the experience of a generic hospice. AIDS Care 1997, 9:601-607.
121. Giris A. Evaluation of the Palliative Care Needs Assessment Intervention (ongoing). CareSearch Project Research Studies Register [
122. Gisbert A, Gómez F, Bruera E. Valoración global del control de síntomas al final de la vida. [Global assessment of symptom control at the end of life.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2004, 11:79-82.
[
123. Gisbert Aguilar A, Pascual López A. Manifestaciones clínicas y biológicas de la deshidratación en el enfermo en fase terminal. [Clinical and biological manifestations of dehydration in the terminal patient.] Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos 2000, 7:129-134. [
124. Glare P. Cytokines in anorexia cachexia (ongoing). [suggested by another email respondent].
125. Gleeson C, Spencer D. Blood transfusion and its benefits in palliative care. Palliat Med 1995, 9:307-313.
126. Glimelius B, Linné T, Hoffman K et al. Epoetin beta in the treatment of anemia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:434-440.