Option D: Medicines and Drugs

1. Drugs and medicines generally are taken to improve human health. What are three different ways in which they affect theperson who takes them?

(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) …………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Describe and explain the term:Placebo effect

3. Describe and explain the term:Lethal Dose (LD50) as it pertains to drugs and medicines. How is this concept useful and what are some of its limitations?

4. What are four main methods by which drugs are introduced into the body?

5. What are three different methods for injections?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Describe and explain the term:Contraindication

7. Describe and explain the principle of risk to benefit ratio as it pertains to drug administration.

8. Describe and explain the principle of tolerance as it pertains to drug administration.

9. Outline the steps that a drug must go through from the time it is discovered before it can be approved for human consumption

1.Describe the digestive process that occurs in the stomach. What is the role of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

2. What are some causes of acid indigestion?

3.What are four different categories of compounds that are used as antacid? Give an example of each and write a chemical equation to show how it neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

4.What are side effects that can result for each of the four categories of antacids that you listedin question 3 above?

5. Explain the role of (a) alginates and (b) antifoaming agents that are often added to antacids

6.Tums is a common antacid product sold over the counter in grocery stores and pharmacies. Tums contains 500 mg (0.500 g) of Calcium Carbonate as its active ingredient.Gaviscon contains 105 mg Magnesium hydroxide and 160 mg of aluminum hydroxide. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that each tablet would neutralize

1. Define of explain each of the following terms as they relate to analgesics

(a) Pain receptor

(b) Prostaglandin

(c)Leukotriene

(d) Endorphin

(e) Encephalin.

(f)Prodrug..

2.Distinguish between the way mild analgesics and strong analgesics react in the body to relieve pain.

3.Distinguish between an analgesic and an antipyretic

4.Describe and explain four uses for aspirin

5.List four disadvantages of using aspirin

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using acetaminophen rather than Aspirin?

7.What are the characteristics of an opiate?

8.Compare and describe the structures of morphine, codeine, and heroin?

9.What are the primary medical uses of opiates?

10.What are the primary psychological effects of opiates?

11.Explain the concepts oftolerance and dependence with respect to the use of narcotics

Tolerance

Dependence

12.Discuss the typical short term and long term effects of the use of narcotics

  1. Describe the general effects of depressants.
  1. Give the proper chemical name, structural diagram and Lewis structure for alcohol.
  1. Explain why alcohol is both fat and water soluble with reference to its structure. What role does this play in its effects on humans and other organisms?
  1. State the short term and the long term effects of alcohol use/abuse.
  2. If someone is measured to have a 0.15 % blood alcohol content, how much is this in proper BAC units?
  1. What symptoms might a person show with a BAC from question 5?
  2. Describe the three types of techniques used for alcohol detection in humans.
  1. List the physiological effects of stimulants.
  2. Compare amphetamines and adrenaline and include a definition of sympathomimetic.
  1. Discuss the short term and long term effects of nicotine consumption.
  1. Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure to that of nicotine.

  1. Describe the historical development of penicillin. (two paragraphs at least).
  1. Compare/define broad and narrow range antibiotics.
  1. Explain how penicillin work and discuss the effects of modifying the side chains.
  1. Discuss and explain the effect over-prescription of penicillin has, and the effects of using it in livestock.
  1. State how viruses differ from bacteria. Be detailed and use diagrams.
  1. Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work.
  1. Discuss the difficulties of solving the AIDS problem from a chemical perspective.

1. State and describe the two types of stereoisomerism. Give an example of each.

2. Explain what chirality is using an example from class.

3. Explain what a chiral auxiliary is and how it is used in drug production.

4. Briefly describe (2 sentences) what combinatorial chemistry is.

5. Compare local and general anesthetics in terms of their mode of action.

6. Compare the structures and effects of cocaine, procaine and lidocaine.

7. In a chart, illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide, ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) trichloromethane, cyclopropane and halothane.

  1. Mind altering drugs are also called “hallucinogens”. Explain what this term means.
  1. The four most common hallucinogens are:
  1. Describe the “indole ring” structure.
  1. Describe the action of hallucinogens on the brain.
  1. What does LSD stand for? What are its’ “street names”? Where is it found? What are its effects on the human brain?
  1. What is mescaline? What are its’ “street names”? Where is it found? What are its effects on the human brain?
  1. What is psilocybin? What are its’ “street names”? Where is it found? What are its effects on the human brain?
  1. What does THC stand for? What are its’ “street names”? Where is it found? What are its effects on the human brain?
  1. What are the arguments, both for and against, the legalization of cannabis?

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