Nevid/Rathus, HLTH, 1e

Instructor’s Manual

Chapter 11

Combating Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Other Major Diseases

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

* Describe the cardiovascular system

* Discuss the major forms of cardiovascular disease

* Describe methods of diagnosing and treating cardiovascular disease

* List and discuss the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

* Discuss the nature of cancer, its diagnosis, and its incidence

* List and discuss the causes of cancer

* Discuss the similarities and differences among various types of cancer

* Discuss the nature, incidence, and control of diabetes

* Discuss various forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chapter Outline

I.  Introduction

II.  Cardiovascular Disease

III.  The Cardiovascular System

  1. The Heart

i.  Places in the Heart

  1. The Circulatory System

i.  Types of Blood Vessels

ii.  Blood

IV.  Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

  1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

i.  Atherosclerosis

ii.  Inflammation

iii.  Signs of a Heart Attack

iv.  What to Do in Case of a Heart Attack

  1. Angina Pectoris
  2. Hypertension
  3. Congestive Heart Failure
  4. Congenital Heart Defects
  5. Arrhythmias
  6. Stroke

i.  Types of Strokes

ii.  Effects of Stroke

  1. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)

V.  Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders

  1. Diagnostic Tests
  2. Treatment of Heart Disease

i.  Heart Medications

ii.  Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

iii.  Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

iv.  Heart Transplants

  1. Treating a Heart Attack

i.  In the Hospital…

ii.  After the Hospital…

  1. Treating a Stroke

i.  Common Warning Signs of Stroke

ii.  In the Hospital…

iii.  After the Hospital…

VI.  Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

  1. Risk Factors You Can’t Control

i.  Age

ii.  Gender

iii.  Heredity

iv.  Race/Ethnicity

  1. Risk Factors You Can Control

i.  Hypertension

ii.  Blood Cholesterol

iii.  Triglycerides

iv.  Diabetes

v.  Obesity

vi.  Smoking

vii.  Inactivity

viii.  Negative Emotions

VII.  Cancer

VIII.  What is Cancer?

  1. How Does Cancer Develop?
  2. Diagnosing Cancer
  3. Who Gets Cancer?
  4. Surviving Cancer

IX.  Causes of Cancer

  1. Smoking
  2. Diet
  3. Obesity
  4. Alcohol
  5. Environmental Factors

i.  Sun Exposure

  1. Infectious Agents
  2. Genetic Factors
  3. Inactivity

X.  Types of Cancer

  1. Breast Cancer

i.  Treatment

ii.  Prevention

  1. Ovarian Cancer

i.  Risk Factors

ii.  Treatment

  1. Cervical Cancer

i.  Detection

ii.  Risk Factors and Treatment

  1. Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer

i.  Treatment

  1. Lung Cancer
  2. Testicular Cancer
  3. Colorectal Cancer
  4. Prostate Cancer

i.  Treatment

ii.  Risk Factors

iii.  Prevention

  1. Skin Cancer

i.  Risk Factors and Prevention

ii.  Warning Signs of Skin Cancer

iii.  Treatment

  1. Oral Cancer
  2. Leukemia
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Pancreatic Cancer

XI.  Diabetes

XII.  What Is Diabetes?

  1. Types of Diabetes

i.  Type 1 Diabetes

ii.  Type 2 Diabetes

iii.  Gestational Diabetes

  1. Risk Factors for Diabetes
  2. Managing Diabetes

XIII.  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

XIV.  What Kinds of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Are There?

  1. Emphysema
  2. Chronic Bronchitis
  3. Treatment of COPDs

Key Terms

alveoli: The air cells of the lungs where gases are exchanged during respiration.

aneurysm: A ballooning out of an artery wall.

angina: Heart pain arising from insufficient blood flow to the heart.

anticoagulants: Drugs that help prevent the formation of blood clots in people with narrowed arteries.

aorta: The main artery in the body, it caries blood from the left ventricle of the heart and branches into smaller blood vessels for delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the various parts of the body.

arrhythmia: An irregular heart rhythm.

arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart and connect to capillaries that deliver oxygen-rich blood to body tissues.

arteriosclerosis: A condition in which the walls of arteries become thicker and harder and lose elasticity. Commonly called hardening of the arteries.

atherectomy: Surgical removal of arterial blockages.

atherosclerosis: A form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the thickening of artery walls and narrowing of the arterial passageways due to the buildup of fatty deposits or plaque.

atrial fibrillation: An arrhythmia characterized by too rapid contractions of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, which prevents the lower chambers, the ventricles, from responding in an organized or coordinated fashion.

atrial flutter: An arrhythmia characterized by overly rapid atrial contractions, but at a somewhat slower and more regular rate than is the case in atrial fibrillation.

atrium: The upper chamber in each half of the heart.

basal cell carcinoma (BCC): A form of nonmelanoma skin cancer; it is easily curable if detected and treated early. It appears as translucent, pearly raised tumors, usually found on the skin of the face, neck, hands, and trunk.

benign: Noncancerous.

beta blockers: Drugs that reduce the pumping demands placed on the heart.

biopsy: Surgical removal of a sample of tissue, which is then examined under a microscope to detect any cancerous cells.

blood plasma: The liquid part of the blood.

bradycardia: An abnormally slow heart rate.

breast-conserving surgery: Surgical procedure to treat breast cancer in which all or part of the breast is spared.

bronchial tubes: The passageways through which air travels from the windpipe to the lungs. From the Latin, bronchos, meaning “windpipe.”

calcium channel blockers: Drugs that interfere with the normal flow of calcium through the channels in the heart muscle.

cancer: Any of more than 100 diseases characterized by the development of malignant tumors, which may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other sites in the body through the lymphatic system and bloodstream.

capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that carry blood from the smallest arteries directly to the cells and connect to the tiniest veins for transport of deoxygenated blood and cellular waste products.

carcinogen: A cancer-causing substance.

carcinoma: Cancer that originates in the epithelial tissues of the body.

cardiac arrest: The sudden stopping of the pumping action of the heart.

cardiomyopathy: A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): An emergency medical treatment used to restore coronary and pulmonary functioning following cardiac arrest.

cardiovascular disease: A disease of the heart or blood vessels.

cerebral hemorrhage: Rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

chemotherapy: The use of drugs to combat disease; generally applied to the use of anticancer drugs to treat malignancies.

chronic bronchitis: An inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, producing chronic coughing.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A disease process that results in diminished capacity of the lungs to perform respiration. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are among the leading causes.

circulatory system: The system or network of blood vessels that carries blood throughout the body.

clinical breast examination: A breast exam performed by a health care provider to detect the presence of lumps or other abnormalities.

coagulation: The process of clot formation.

colonoscopy: Typically an outpatient procedure that allows the physician to view the entire colon and to remove small polyps via the use of an elongated scope.

computed tomography (CT) scan: A sophisticated X-ray machine that generates a computer-enhanced image of internal body structures by means of passing a narrow X-ray beam through the body at different angles. Also called computerized axial tomography scan or CAT scan.

congenital heart defect: A heart defect that is present at birth.

congestive heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump out as much blood as it receives, leading to a backing-up or pooling of blood in the veins, lungs, and extremities.

coronary angiography: The technique that uses rapid-sequence X-rays to detect a radioactive dye as it passes through the coronary arteries, providing information on any blockages that may be restricting blood flow to the heart. Also called an angiogram.

coronary arteries: The small blood vessels that provide life-sustaining oxygen and nutrients to the heart.

coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG): A surgical technique that uses pieces of vein from elsewhere in the body as grafts that direct the flow of blood around a blocked or narrowed coronary artery.

coronary heart disease (CHD): A disease usually caused by damage to coronary arteries in which the blood supply to the heart is reduced to a level that is insufficient to meet the heart’s needs. Also called coronary artery disease.

C-reactive protein (CRP): A type of protein produced by the liver that can be used as a specific marker of inflammation in the body; elevated CRP levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Crohn’s disease: Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most often the small intestine.

cryosurgery: The use of freezing to remove noncancerous and cancerous growths.

defibrillator: An electrical device that stops fibrillation of the heart by applying electrical countershocks to the heart through electrodes placed on the chest. The use of a defibrillator may restore the heart’s normal rhythm.

diabetes mellitus: A metabolic disease involving insufficient production of insulin or a failure of cells to utilize the insulin that is produced, which leads to high glucose levels building up in the blood while cells remain starved for the glucose they need.

diastolic blood pressure (DBP): The minimum pressure that remains in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

digitalis: A drug derived from the digitalis plant that improves the heart’s pumping ability by increasing the force of cardiac contractions.

digital rectal exam (DRE): A screening test in which the physician feels for the presence of bumps or hard spots in the prostate or rectum.

diuretic: Agent that increases the rate of excretion of urine from the body; used in treating congestive heart failure, hypertension, and other cardiovascular problems.

double-contrast barium enema: A test that uses a series of X-rays of the colon and rectum, in which the patient is first given an enema containing barium dye that is then followed by injection of air in the lower bowel.

echocardiogram: A device that uses reflected sound waves (“echoes”) to create an image of the internal structure and movement of the heart.

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): A device for recording and graphing the electrical activity of the heart.

electrodessication: The use of heat to destroy noncancerous and cancerous growths.

electroencephalogram (EEG): A device that places electrodes on the scalp to measure and display brain wave activity.

embolism: An obstruction of a blood vessel, usually caused by a blood clot.

emphysema: A lung disease involving destruction of the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. The most common symptom of emphysema is breathlessness upon exertion.

epithelial tissue: Tissue that covers the outer surface of the body and that lines body cavities and other internal body surfaces.

erythrocytes: Red blood cells; they carry oxygen to cells.

essential hypertension: Hypertension in which the cause is unclear; also called primary hypertension.

exercise electrocardiogram: An electrocardiogram taken when the heart is stressed during exercise. Also called a stress test.

fecal occult blood test (FOBT): A home test for hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate bleeding from a precancerous or cancerous polyp.

flexible sigmoidoscopy: A procedure in which the physician inserts a hollow, flexible lighted tube to detect polyps in the rectum and lower third of the colon.

gestational diabetes: Diabetes developed during pregnancy.

glucose: A form of sugar formed during digestion and absorbed into the blood for transport to body cells.

heart attack: The common term for a myocardial infarction.

heart murmur: Abnormal heart sounds resulting from some disturbance in the normal flow of blood through the heart.

heart transplant: The replacement of a diseased heart with a healthy donor heart.

hemoglobin: Iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that gives blood its reddish color and carries oxygen for transport to tissues.

high-density lipoprotein (HDL): The so-called good cholesterol because it sweeps away cholesterol deposits from artery walls for elimination from the body, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.

human papillomavirus (HPV): The virus that causes genital warts and is responsible for the great majority of cases of cervical cancer.

Hodgkin’s disease: A rare type of lymphoma characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes, named after Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866), a London physician who described its symptoms.

Holter monitor: Portable EKG device, used to detect intermittent arrhythmias, that continuously records the heart’s electrical activity over 24 hours as the patient goes about their daily activities.

hormone therapy: The use of hormones to retard the growth of cancerous cells.

hypertension: High blood pressure, generally determined by a blood pressure reading of 140 (systolic)/90 (diastolic) or higher.

hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus.

infarct: An area of dead or dying tissue as the result of an insufficiency of blood supply to the tissue.

insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream.

insulin resistance: A condition in which the body fails to use insulin properly.

ionizing radiation: Powerful, high-energy radiation capable of causing atoms to become electrically charged or ionized. Examples include X-rays, cosmic rays, and radiation emitted from radioactive substances in the earth, such as uranium and radium, and from nuclear power plant accidents.

ischemia: An insufficiency of blood supply to a part of the body.

leukemia: Cancer that forms in the blood and blood-forming tissues of the body.

leukocytes: White blood cells; they combat infection.

low-density lipoprotein (LDL): The so-called bad cholesterol because it can stick to artery walls, forming fatty deposits that restrict the flow of blood to vital body organs, setting the stage for heart attacks and strokes.

lumpectomy: A surgical procedure used in breast cancer treatment that involves the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue but spares the breast.

lymphoma: Cancer that forms in the cells of the lymphatic system.

malignant: Cancerous.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): The use of magnets to generate a computerized image of internal body structures. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

mammogram: A specialized X-ray that can find tumors that are too small to be felt; used to diagnose breast cancer.

mastectomy: Surgical removal of the breast.

melanoma: A potentially deadly form of cancer involving the formation of cancerous growths in melanin-forming cells, most commonly in the skin but sometimes in other parts of the body containing such cells, such as the eye.

metabolic syndrome: A complex of health problems in which people are at an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, increased sugar in the bloodstream, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of LDL, and low levels of HDL.