Loryan et al Page 4
Mechanistic understanding of brain drug disposition to optimize the selection of potential neurotherapeutics in drug discovery
Irena Loryan1, Vikash Sinha2, Claire Mackie3, Achiel Van Peer2, Wilhelmus Drinkenburg4, An Vermeulen5, Denise Morrison6, Mario Monshouwer7, Donald Heald8, and Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes1*
1 – Translational PKPD group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
2 – Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
3 – Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
4 – Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
5 – Model Based Drug Development, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
6 – Early Drug Developability Group, CREATe (Community for Research Excellence and Advanced Technologies), Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
7 – BA/DMPK, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
8 – Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, USA
Corresponding author
Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
+46 18 471 4300 ; +46 70 425 0485 (mobile)
Running title: Mechanistic understanding of brain drug disposition
Supplemental Material
Table SI. LC-MS/MS measurement conditions used for analysis of brain slice samples.
ID / # / Mass transition† / Column / Initial conditions / Final conditions / RT(min)
A1 / 1 / 354.23→322.10 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.44
A2 / 7 / 379.95→335.8 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.68
A3 / 8 / 369.9→351.8 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.9
B1 / 2 / 362.00→159.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 4.7
B2 / 2 / 433.00→346.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.9
B3 / 1 / 398.10→145.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.6
B4 / 4 / 412.95→144.95 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 3.4
B5 / 6 / 477.14→459 / Gemini, C18 110Å, 100x4.6 mm, 3µ b / D 90%, B 10% / D 10%, B 90% / 4.5
C1 / 1 / 448.10→215.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.15
C2 / 3 / 455.1→214.8 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.5
C3 / 2 / 417.00→189.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.5
D1 / 4 / 344.85→288.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 4.9
D2 / 3 / 452.1→241.8 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 4.1
D3 / 3 / 454.9→213.8 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.3
D4 / 6 / 381.1→325 / Gemini, C18 110Å, 100x4.6 mm, 3µ b / D 90%, B 10% / D 10%, B 90% / 5.8
E1 / 1 / 339.00→246.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 4.33
E2 / 1 / 353.10→259.00 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 4.3
F1 / 4 / 416.9→317.7 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 3.6
F2 / 2 / 373.00→127.10 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.3
F3 / 7 / 308.9→265.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.2
F4 / 8 / 410.9→190.9 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.2
F5 / 7 / 427.10→206.85 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.72
F6 / 8 / 312.9→255.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 1.9
G1 / 2 / 378.20→137.10 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.1
G2 / 3 / 428→137 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.2
G3 / 6 / 446.06→137.17 / Gemini, C18 110Å, 100x4.6 mm, 3µ b / D 90%, B 10% / D 10%, B 90% / 4.8
G4 / 4 / 389.9→121.1 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 2.57
G5 / 3 / 378.9→112.05 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.2
G6 / 4 / 320.9→244.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 2.3
G7 / 7 / 421.95→58.7 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.3
G8 / 8 / 371.9→294.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.6
G9 / 8 / 390.9→268.75 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 3.3
G10 / 7 / 389.9→121.10 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / A 90%, B 10% / A 10%, B 90% / 2.86
H1 / 6 / 263.93→96.18 / Gemini, C18 110Å, 100x4.6 mm, 3µ b / D 90%, B 10% / D 10%, B 90% / 3.5
H2 / 6 / 234.03→202.9 / Gemini, C18 110Å, 100x4.6 mm, 3µ b / D 90%, B 10% / D 10%, B 90% / 3.6
I1 / 5 / 376.93→175 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 3.1
I2 / 5 / 405.99→179.2 / Eclipse XDB-CN, 4.6x150 mm, 5µ c / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 5.1
I3 / 5 / 373.91→173.04 / X-Bridge, C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ a / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 3.4
I4 / 5 / 389.85→174.9 / Eclipse XDB-CN, 4.6x150 mm, 5µ c / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 4.8
I5 / 5 / 421.97→179.07 / Eclipse XDB-CN, 4.6x150 mm, 5µ c / C 90%, B 10% / C 10%, B 90% / 4.6
# - Cassette number
† - The analysis was carried out in positive ion mode.
a – Waters Corporation, Manchester, UK
b – Phenomenex, Torrance, CA
c – Agilent Technologies Inc., USA
RT - retention time
A – 0.1% formic acid; B – Mixture of 90 : 10 acetonitrile : water; C – 10 mM Ammonium formate, pH 4; D – 10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH 10
Table SII. Summary comprising the route of administration, dose and representative exposure of single dose in vivo neuropharmacokinetic studies performed in rodents for the set of 40 compounds.
ID / Narrative of single-dose study / Kp,brainSD† / Kp,brain‖A1 / SD¶ rat, PO‡ 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 1.0 / 0.58
A2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 1.1 / 1.1
A3 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.55 / 0.55
B1 / SD rat, SC‡‡ 10 mg/kg, 1, 2, 4 hrs post-dose§ / 4.1 / 4.4
B2 / SD rat, SC 10 mg/kg, 1, 2, 4 hrs post-dose§ / 1.1 / 1.1
B3 / SD rat, SC 10 mg/kg, 1, 2, 4 hrs post-dose§ / 0.33 / 0.33
B4 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-7 / 0.35 / 0.23
B5 / Swiss mouse, SC 10 mg/kg / 0.04 / 0.04
C1 / Swiss mouse, PO 30 mg/kg, 4h post-dose / 0.6 / 0.6
C2 / Swiss mouse, PO 30 mg/kg, 4h post-dose / 0.2 / 0.2
C3 / Swiss mouse, PO 30 mg/kg, 4h post-dose / 0.8 / 0.8
D1 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.93 / 0.9
D2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 2.3 / 2.3
D3 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 2.4 / 2.4
D4 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 1.4 / 1.2
E1 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, ~1.5 h post-dose / 0.7 / 0.7
E2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 1.5 / 1.5
F1 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.85 / 0.85
F2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 12 / 12
F3 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 18 / 18
F4 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.3 / 0.3
F5 / SD rat, SC 5 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.11 / 0.11
F6 / SD rat, SC 20 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 4.8 / 4.8
G1 / Swiss mouse, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-4 / 0.65 / 0.65
G2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 2.6 / 2.8
G3 / Swiss mouse, SC 10 mg/kg, AUC0-4 / 0.6 / 0.6
G4 / Swiss mouse, PO 30 mg/kg, AUC0-4§ / 0.1 / 0.1
G5 / Swiss mouse, SC 30 mg/kg, AUC0-4 / 1.6 / 1.14
G6 / Swiss mouse, PO 30 mg/kg, AUC0-4 / 6.4 / 6.4
G7 / Swiss mouse, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-4 / 0.73 / 0.73
G8 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.3 / 0.3
G9 / Swiss mouse, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.2 / 0.2
G10 / Swiss mouse, PO 10 mg/kg, AUC0-24 / 0.14 / 0.14
H1 / Swiss mouse, PO 10 mg/kg, Cmax¤ / 1.1 / 1.1
H2 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, 4 h post-dose / 11 / 11
I1 / Swiss mouse, PO/SC 30 mg/kg, Cmax¤ / 0.3 / 0.3
I2 / Swiss mouse, SC 10 mg/kg, Cmax¤ / 1.5 / 1.5
I3 / Swiss mouse, SC 10 mg/kg, Cmax¤ / 0.3 / 0.3
I4 / SD rat, PO 10 mg/kg, Cmax¤ / 0.4 / 0.4
I5 / Swiss mouse, SC 10 mg/kg, Cmax / 0.5 / 0.5
† Assessed brain partitioning coefficient Kp,brainSD after single dose administration
‖ Values of brain partitioning coefficient ratio used for the analysis. Kp,brain values highlighted in bold comes from steady-state study (see, Table SIII)
¶ SD – Sprague Dawley rats
‡ PO – oral route of administration
‡‡ SC – subcutaneous route of administration
§ No change in the distributional ratio over time
¤ Brain partitioning coefficient measured at maximal plasma concentration of compound (Cmax)
Table SIII. Observed steady-state total compound plasma (Ctot,plasmaSS), brain (Ctot,brainSS), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, Ctot,CSFSS) concentrations, brain (Kp,brainSS) and CSF (Kp,CSFSS) partitioning coefficients as well as the ratio of single dose derived Kp,brainSD versus steady-state brain partitioning coefficient for seven compounds.
ID / Cassette / Ctot,plasmaSS ng/mL / Ctot,brainSS ng/g / Ctot,CSFSS ng/mL / Kp,brainSS / Kp,CSFSS / Kp,brainSD/ Kp,brainSSA1 / 1§ / 86±11 / 50.2±5 / 13.8±1.5 / 0.58±0.02 / 0.16±0.003 / 1.7
B1 / 2 / 181±45 / 777±82 / 1.9±0.4 / 4.4±0.8 / 0.01±0.004 / 0.93
B4 / 1§ / 39±14 / 9.9±3.97 / 8.21±1.9 / 0.23±0.02 / 0.17±0.01 / 1.5
D1 / 3$ / 141 / 133 / 1.33 / 0.9 / 0.009 / 1.03
D4 / 2 / 94.2±21.3 / 110±5 / 0.55±011 / 1.2±0.3 / 0.0006±0.002 / 1.16
G2 / 3$ / 171 / 484 / 17 / 2.8 / 0.099 / 0.93
G5 / 4 / 247±41 / 281±42 / 3.8±1.1 / 1.14±0.04 / 0.015±0.002 / 1.4
Intravenous constant-rate infusion with flow rate of 1mL/kg ·h-1 was performed using three Sprague Dawley male rats per cassette. Compounds were dissolved in an aqueous 20% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution. Data presented as a mean±standard deviation (n=3). The duration of intravenous infusions and concentration of the compounds in the administered solution were the following: Cassette 1 - 21.5 h, 0.25 mg/mL A1 and 0.11 mg/mL B4; Cassette 2 - 20.5 h, 0.87 mg/mL B1 and 0.10 mg/mL D4; Cassette 3 - 19.5 h, 0.135 mg/mL D1 and 0.377 mg/mL G2; Cassette 4 - intravenous bolus of 1.71 mg/mL G5 followed by 20 h CRI of 0.233 mg/mL G5.
§ - due to the block in the infusion catheter the experiment was completed with two rats
$ - due to the block in the infusion catheter the experiment was completed with one rat
Mechanistic understanding of brain drug disposition