Blanca Corona1, Guillermo San Miguel*1, Eduardo Cerrajero2

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Life Cycle assessment of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and the influence of hybridising with natural gas.

Blanca Corona1, Guillermo San Miguel*1, Eduardo Cerrajero2

1Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSII, Department of Energy Engineering and Fluid Mechanics, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006 (Spain).

2 Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Energética, S.L., Plaza de Manolete, nº2 11ºC, 28020 Madrid, Spain.

*e-mail:

Table 1. Inventory data of Extraction and Manufacturing phase

System / Element/material / AMOUNT / Unit / Simapro Process
Power block / Power block / 0.625 / p / Hard coal power plant, 100MW Spanish mix
Boiler 5MWt / Carbon steel / 11 / ton / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
11 / ton / Steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Refractory / 68100 / kg / Refractory, fireclay, packed, at plant/DE U
Insulation / 5000 / kg / Rock wool, packed, at plant/CH U
675 / kg / Sheet rolling, aluminium/RER U
Transport / 675 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO5/RER U
Boiler 10 MWt / Carbon steel / 22 / ton / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
22 / ton / Steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Refractory / 136200 / kg / Refractory, fireclay, packed, at plant/DE U
Insulation / 10000 / kg / Rock wool, packed, at plant/CH U
1350 / kg / Sheet rolling, aluminium/RER U
Transport / 33910 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO5/RER U
Solar Field / Mirror (624 u) / Flat glass / 5524 / kg / Flat glass, uncoated, at plant/RER U
Epoxy resin / 1.07 / kg / Epoxy resin, liquid, at plant/RER U
Copper / 2.22 / kg / Copper, at regional storage/RER U
2.22 / kg / Copper product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Silver / 2.60 / kg / Silver, at regional storage/RER U
Stainless steel / 206.04 / kg / Chromium steel 18/8, at plant/RER U
206.04 / kg / Chromium steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Gass coating / 817.5 / m2 / Anti-reflex-coating, etching, solar glass/DK U
Glass tube / 248.2 / kg / Glass tube, borosilicate, at plant/DE U
Collect-or frame / Carbon steel / 1212480 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
1212480 / kg / Steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Stainless steel / 45960 / kg / Chromium steel 18/8, at plant/RER U
45960 / kg / Chromium steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Graphite / 187 / kg / Graphite, at plant/RER U
Solar tracking system / Carbon steel / 86361 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
86361 / kg / Steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Nickel / 46.17 / kg / Nickel, 99.5%, at plant/GLO U
Stainless steel / 46.17 / kg / Chromium, at regional storage/RER U
Lubricating oil / 8321 / kg / Lubricating oil, at plant/RER U
Polyethylene / 27281.2 / kg / Polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant/RER U
Founda-tions / Concrete / 5148 / m3 / Concrete, normal, at plant/CH U
Carbon steel / 2957073 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
2957073 / kg / Steel product manufacturing, average metal working/RER U
Transport mirror / 2637161 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport valves / 2995.2 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport collector frame / 251723.8 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport solar tracking system / 3041800 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Washing vehicle / 1/4 / p / Vehicle for collectors’ washing 4t/RER/U
HTF System / Synthetic oil / 1000 / t
73.5 / % / Diphenylether-compounds, at regional storehouse/RER S
26.5 / % / Phenol, at plant/RER U
Nitrogen / 1051785 / kg / Nitrogen, via cryogenic air separation, production mix, at plant, gaseous EU-27 S
2 Overflow tanks / 170000 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
Liquefied natural gas tank / 60000 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
Expansion tank / 32000 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
Pipes / 317136 / kg / Drawing of pipes, steel/RER U
Transport HTF / 1700000 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport pipes HTF / 63427.2 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport overflow tank / 34000 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport tank GN / 12000 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Transport expansion tank / 6400 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Faciliti-es / Water treatment facility / 1 / p / Water treatment plant, deionisation/CH/I U
Main building / 1600 / m2
Materials / 18480 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
52570 / kg / Autoclaved aerated concrete block, at plant/CH U
37705.59 / GJ / Electricity, medium voltage, production ES, at grid/ES
904295.4 / kg / Light fuel oil, at refinery/CH U
Emissions to air / 3428 / kg / Particulates
16738.4 / kg / Sulfur oxides
11919.68 / kg / Nitrogen oxides
4039.52 / kg / Carbon monoxide
64.8 / kg / Hydrocarbons, unspecified
29.12 / kg / Methane, biogenic
3855 / kg / Carbon dioxide
Roads / 87500 / m2a / Roads, company, internal/CH/I U
Storage system / Salts / 28000 / t
60 / % / Sodium nitrate
40 / % / Potassium chloride, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Tanks / 1900000 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
3560.8 / kg / Aluminium sheet, primary prod., prod. mix, aluminium semi-finished sheet product RER S
1271757 / kg / Refractory, fireclay, packed, at plant/DE U
10420 / kg / Rock wool, at plant/CH U
634900 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U
Heat exchanger / 20000 / kg / Reinforcing steel, at plant/RER U
4000 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER S
Salts’ transport / 14000000 / tkm / Transport, lorry 16-32t, EURO3/RER U
369505360 / tkm / Transport, transoceanic freight ship/OCE U
Sand / 417726 / kg / Silica sand, at plant/DE U
83400 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO5/RER U

Table 2. Inventory data of Construction phase

Gravel / 10636333 / kg / Gravel, unspecified, at mine/CH U
Pipes welding / 957 / m / Welding, gas, steel/RER U
Crane collectors / 187.2 / hr / Self propelled hydraulic telescopic crane127 HP
Crane storage system / 2.8 / hr / Self propelled hydraulic telescopic crane127 HP
Concrete mixer / 5148 / hr / Hormigonera 27.5 kw (2150 kg de carga)
Crane HTF system / 3.5 / hr / Self propelled hydraulic telescopic crane127 HP
Tubes welding / 4942.1 / m / Welding, gas, steel/RER U
Excavation activities / 61767 / m3 / Excavation, hydraulic digger/RER U
Filling activities / 61949 / m3 / Excavation, skid-steer loader/RER U
Building machine consumes / 8800000 / MJ / Diesel, burned in building machine/GLO U
Transport / 50900000 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U

Table 3. Inventory data of Operation and Maintenance phase

Lubricating oil / 8300 / kg / Lubricating oil, at plant/RER U
HTF Replacement / 10000 / kg / Synthetic oil
Cooling water / 20710872 / m3 / Lake water
Rankine water / 269241336 / kg / Water, deionised, at plant/CH from lake
Washing water / 120515850 / kg / Water, deionised, at plant/CH from lake
Collectors Replacement / 6.24 / u / Mirror
Washing of collectors / 1016255 / tkm / Transport, lorry 3.5-7.5t, EURO5/RER U- vehículo de limpieza
Natural Gas for electricity generation / 0 / MJ / Natural gas, burned in power plant/ES U updated 2012
Natural gas anti-freeze and maintenance / 156966609 / MJ / Natural gas, burned in power plant/ES U updated 2012
Electricity from the grid / 13688 / MWh / Electricity, medium voltage, at grid adapted 2012/ES U

Table 4. Inventory data of Dismantling phase

Diesel / 8800000 / MJ / Diesel, burned in building machine/GLO U
Transport / 50900000 / tkm / Transport, lorry >32t, EURO3/RER U

Table 5. Disposal Scenario

Separated waste
Recycling steel and iron-Personalized / Steel / 40%
Recycling steel and iron-Personalized / Cast iron, at plant/RER U / 40%
Recycling aluminium-Personalized / Aluminium / 40%
Recycling mixed plastics/RER U-Personalized / Plastics / 40%
Recycling paper/RER U-Personalized / Paper / 40%
Recycling glass/RER U-Personalized / Glass / 40%
Recycling non-ferro/RER U / Brick / 40%
Recycling non-ferro/RER U / Cement / 40%
Recycling wood/RER U / Wood / 40%
Recycling non-ferro/RER U / Ceramics / 40%
Recycling cardboard/RER U- Personalized / Cardboard / 40%
Recycling non-ferro/RER U / All waste types / 40%
Remaining waste
Process-specific burdens, inert material landfill/CH U / 50%
Recycling non-ferro/RER U / 50%

Table 6. Inventory data of Land Occupation and Transformation

Occupation, construction site / 7750000 / m2a
Occupation, industrial area / 34247500 / m2a
Occupation, traffic area, road network / 87500 / m2a
Occupation, traffic area, road embankment / 15000000 / m2a
Transformation, from heterogeneous, agricultural / 1950000 / m2
Transformation, to industrial area, vegetation / 1950000 / m2

Table 7. Assumed distances for transportation analysis

Germany / Spain / 2000 km
Spain / Alcazar de San Juan (Cinco Casas) / 200 km
Asturias / Alcazar de San Juan (Cinco Casas) / 600 km
Belgium / Spain / 1700 km
Huelva / Alcazar de San Juan (Cinco Casas) / 500 km
Santiago de Chile / Huelva / 8200 miles

Table 8. Properties of materials employed in the Life Cycle of the CSP plant

Borosilicate / Density / 2.23 / kg/dm3
Silver / Density / 10.5 / kg/dm3
Copper / Density / 8.96 / kg/dm3
Epoxy paint / Density / 1.3 / kg/dm3
Nitrogen (gas) / Density / 0.81 / g/ml
Steel / Density / 7850 / kg/m3
Diesel / Density / 832 / kg/m³
Diesel / Calorific value / 45.1 / MJ/kg
Fuel Oil / Calorific value / 40200 / kJ/Kg
Grit / Density / 1700 / Kg/m3
Aluminium / Density / 2700 / Kg/m3
Rock wool / Density / 100 / Kg/m3
Clay / Density / 1362 / Kg/m3
Natural gas / Calorific value / 39 / MJ/m3