Free Energy StuDy Guide
Essential Knowledge 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. a. Life requires a highly ordered system.
1) How is order maintained in a system?
2) What happens when there is a loss of free energy flow into a system?
3) What is entropy and how is it reduced in a system?
2.A.1.b: Living systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy increases over time.
4) Compare the first and second law of thermodynamics.
5) What is a coupled cellular process? Why is it important in energy exchange?
6) Compare exergonic and endergonic reactions.
7) What is the most important exergonic reaction? Describe how it works.
8) What are the main components of ATP?
9) How does cells harness the energy in ATP?
2.A.1 c: Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. **Covered in PS and Respiration Classes
2.A.1 d. Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce. 1. Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperatureand metabolism.
10) Compare ectotherms to endotherms. Why are there differences in temperature regulation between organisms?
2.A.1.d.2. Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.
11) How do plants respond to reproduction in response to free energy changes?
2.A.1.d.3. There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms — generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate.
12) Who would have a higher metabolic rate, an ant, or a giant panda? Why?
2.A.1.d.4. Excess acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in energy storage or growth.
13) Give an example of an organism storing its extra free energy.
2.A.1.d.5. Insufficient acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in loss of mass and, ultimately, the death of an organism.**DUH**
2.A.1.e and f. Changes in free energy availability can result in changes in population size. Changes in free energy availability can result in disruptions to anecosystem.
14) If the number of producers were diminished, what would happen to the number and size of the other trophic levels in the food web?
15) What is the Rule of 10?
Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes
16) Compare autotrophs and chemotrophs.
17) How are heterotrophs different from autotrophs?
18) When does fermentation take place? What are the two types?
19) What are the different electron acceptors used in PS and cellular respiration?
20 What are the products in the light dependent reactions of PS?
21) What are the products in the light independent reactions of PS?
22) What is necessary for autotrophs, specifically phototrophs, to have in order to use the free energy from the sun?
23) Why are plants green?
24) Describe and diagram the structure of the chloroplast. What processes take place in the different parts of the chloroplast?
25) Who started photosynthesizing? What is the evidence?
26) Break down cellular respiration into its three basic steps. Identify what occurs in each step.
a)
b)
c)
27) Where and what process produces the most ATP produced during cellular respiration?
28) Describe and diagram the structure of the mitochondria. What processes take place in the different parts of the mitochondria?
Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.a. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build newmolecules.
**REVIEW THE C, N, P, and Water Cycle Diagrams**
29) Why do organisms need Carbon?
30) Why do organisms need Nitrogen?
31) Why do organisms need Phosphorus?
32) Water is special. Because of its hydrogen bonds and polarity, plants can move water against gravity. Compare cohesion to adhesion.
b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system’s ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products
33) What is the general rule for surface area to volume ratios and obtaining resources/eliminating wastes?
34) How do humans increase the surface area to volume ratio in our bodies? How does this help us?
35) How do plants increase the surface area to volume ratio in our bodies? How does this help plants?
36) Who can eliminate wastes faster, a single celled amoeba or a worm? Why?