Theories of Covalent Bonding
December 6, 2009
Valence Bond Theory
1. sp hybridization. In sp hybridization, _____ s orbital(s) hybridize with _____ p orbital(s) to form ______sp orbital(s). The hybrid orbitals are oriented at _____O to each other to form a ______electron group geometry. ______p orbitals remain unhybridized.
2. sp2 hybridization. In sp2 hybridization, _____ s orbital(s) hybridize with _____ p orbital(s) to form ______sp2 orbital(s). The hybrid orbitals are oriented at _____O to each other to form a ______electron group geometry. ______p orbitals remain unhybridized.
3. sp3 hybridization. In sp3 hybridization, _____ s orbital(s) hybridize with _____ p orbital(s) to form ______sp3 orbital(s). The hybrid orbitals are oriented at _____O to each other to form a ______electron group geometry. ______p orbitals remain unhybridized.
4. sp3d hybridization. In sp3d hybridization, _____ s orbital(s) hybridize with _____ p orbital(s) and ______d orbital(s) to form ______sp3d orbital(s). The hybrid orbitals are oriented at _____O to each other to form a ______electron group geometry. ______p orbitals remain unhybridized and ______d orbitals remain unhybridized.
5. sp3d2 hybridization. In sp3d2 hybridization, _____ s orbital(s) hybridize with _____ p orbital(s) and ______d orbital(s) to form ______sp3d2 orbital(s). The hybrid orbitals are oriented at _____O to each other to form a ______electron group geometry. ______p orbitals remain unhybridized and ______d orbitals remain unhybridized.
6. Consider the following molecule:
A. There are ______sigma (σ) bonds and ______pi (π)bonds.
B. The Carbon #1 is ______hybridized and the Carbon #2 is ______hybridized.
C. In the C-F bond, the Carbon______orbital is overlapped with the Flourine ______orbital.
D. On Carbon #2, the Carbon______orbital is overlapped with the ______Hydrogen orbital.
For the following molecules, indicate the molecular shape, hybridization of the central atom, the nature of the bonds on the central atom (for example: sp2-p), number of sigma and pi bonds, and whether or not the molecule is polar.
SF4 H2O
PCl5 CO2
(CN)2 FNO
Molecular Orbital Theory
Reproduce the formula for calculating the bond order on a diatomic molecule. What is the significance of this calculation? On the following pages, use this formula to determine the most stable molecule of the four molecules listed on the page.
(Bonus Activity): On a separate sheet, draw Valance Bond and MO diagrams for O2. Experimental data shows that O2 is paramagnetic. Which theory would predict this?
F2 F22+
Ne22+ O22+
C22+ N22+
B2 C22-