War and Violence in Pre-modern China

Ames, Roger, tr. Sun-tzu The Art of Warfare: The First English Translation Incorporating the Recently Discovered Yin-ch’üeh-shan Texts. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993.

Anderson, James A. “’Treacherous Factions’: Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 191-226. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

Barnard, Noel, “Did the Swords Exist?” Early China4 (1978-79): 60-65. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Butler, M.A. “Hidden Time, Hidden Space: Crossing Borders with Occult Ritual in the Song Military.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 111-150. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

Chittick, Andrew. Patronage and Community in Medieval China: The Xiangyang Garrison, 400-600 CE. Albany: SUNY Press, 2010.

--- . “The Transformation of Naval Warfare in Early Medieval China: The Role of Light Fast Boats.” Journal of Asian History 44.2 (2010): 128-150.

--- . “The Song Navy and the Invention of Dragon Boat Racing.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 41 (2011): 1-28.

Creel, Herrlee Glessner, “Soldier and Scholar in Ancient China,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3. (Sep., 1935), pp. 336-343.

Dai Yingcong, “Military Finance of the High Qing Period: An Overview.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 296-316.

de Crespigny, Rafe. “The Military Culture of Later Han.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 90-111.

--- . Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao, 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

Deng Gang. Maritime sector, institutions, and sea power of premodern China. Westport:

Greenwood Press, 1999.

Di Cosmo, Nicola. A Diary of a Manchu Soldier in seventeenth-century China. Richmond: Curzon, 2001.

--- ed. Military Culture in Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009.

Dien, Albert E., “The Stirrup and its Effect on Chinese Military History,” Ars Orientalis 16 (1986), 33-56.

--- , "A study of early Chinese armor," Artibus Asiae 43 (1981/82): 5-66.

Dreyer, Edward L. “Continuity and Change,”A Military History of China. David Graff and Robin Higham, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002, 19-38.

--- . “Zhao Chongguo: A Professional Soldier of China’s Former Han Dynasty,” Journal of Military History 72 (2008): 665-725.

--- . “Military Aspects of the War of Eight Princes, 300-307.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 112-142.

Duyvendak, J.J.L. “An Illustrated Battle-account in the History of the Former Han Dynasty,” T’oung Pao 34 (1939): 249-264. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Eisenberg, Andrew, "Warfare and Political Stability in Medieval North-Asian Regimes," T'oung

Pao LXXXIII (1997), 300-328.

Fang Cheng-Hua, “Military Families and the Southern Song Court – The Lü case,” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 33 (2003): 49-70. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Filipiak, Kai. “’Saving Lives’: Lü Kun’s Manual on City Defense,” Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 2 (2012): 139-188.

Fong, Grace S. “Writing from Experience: Personal Records of War and Disorder in Jiangnan during the Ming-Qing Transition.” In MilitaryCulture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 257-277.

Fried, Morton H. "Military Status in Chinese Society", in: American Journal of Sociology LVII

(1951-1952): 347-357.

Gilbert, S. R. “Mengzi’s Art of War: The Kangxi Emperor Reforms the Qing Military Examinations.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 243-256.

Goodrich, L. Carrington and Feng Chia-Sheng, “The Early Development of Firearms in China,” Isis36 (1946): 114-123. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Goodrich, Chauncey S. “Riding Astride and the Saddle in Ancient China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (1984): 279-306.

Graff, David, “The Battle of Huo-i," Asia Major (3rd Series) 5.1 (1992): 33-54. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , "Meritorious Cannibal: Chang Hsun's Defense of Sui-yang and the Exaltation of Loyalty in an Age of Rebellion," Asia Major (3rd Series) 8.1 (1995): 1-16.

--- , “The Sword and the Brush: Military Specialization and Career Patterns in Tang China, 618-907,” War and Society 18 (2000): 9-21. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , “State Making and State Breaking,” A Military History of China, eds. David Graff and Robin Higham. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002, 39-56.

--- .Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900. Warfare and History Series. New York: Routledge, 2002.

--- . “Narratives Maneuvers: The Representation of Battle in Tang Historical Writing.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 143-164.

--- . “Provincial Autonomy and Frontier Defense in Late Tang: The Case of the Lulong Army.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 43-58. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

Graff, David and Robin Higham, eds. A Military History of China. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002.

Griffith, Samuel B. Sun Tzu: Art of War. London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1971.

Holcombe, Charles, "Theater of combat: a critical look at the Chinese martial arts," The Historian 52.3 (1990): 411-432.

Hulsewe, A.F.P. “Again the Crossbow Mechanism,” T’oung Pao 64 (1978): 254. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Ivanhoe, Philip J. Master Sun’s Art of War. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Co., 2011.

Johnston, Alastair. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1995.

Keightley, David N. “Where Have All the Swords Gone? Reflections on the Unification of China,” Early China2 (1976): 31-34. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Kierman, Frank A. Jr. and John K. Fairbank, eds. Chinese Ways of Warfare. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Killigrew, John W. “The Reunification of China in AD 280: Jin’s Conquest of Eastern Wu.” Early Medieval China9 (2004): 1-34.

Lau, D.C. “Some Notes on the Sun-tzu,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 28.2 (1965): 318-335.

Lau, D.C. & Roger Ames. Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.

Lo, Winston W. “The Self-image of the Chinese Military in Historical Perspective,” Journal of Asian History 31.1 (1997): 1-24.

Loewe, Michael. “The Western Han Army: Organization, Leadership, and Operation.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 65-89.

Lorge, Peter, “The Entrance and Exit of the Song Founders,” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 29 (1999): 43-62. War and Society 18 (2000): 9-21. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , “Water Forces and Naval Operations,” A Military History of China, eds. David Graff and Robin Higham. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002, 81-96.

--- . Warfare in China to 1600. Aldershot, Hants, England ; Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2005.

--- . The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2008.

--- . “The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

--- . Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-first Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Mackinnon, Stephen R., Diana Lary, and Ezra F. Vogel, eds. China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford: StanfordUniversity Press, 2007.

Mair, Victor H. The Art of War: Sunzi’s Military Methods. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 2007.

McGrath, Michael C. “Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-44.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 151-190. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

McMullen, D.L. "The Cult of Ch'i T'ai-kung and T'ang Attitudes to the Military", T'ang Studies

7 (1989), pp. 59-104.

McNeal, Robert. Conquer and Govern: Early Chinese Military Texts in the Yi Zhou Shu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2012.

Meulenbeld, Mark. Demonic Warfare: Daoism, Territorial Networks, and the History of a Ming Novel. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2015.

Meyer, Andrew Seth. The Dao of the Military: Liu An’s Art of War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

Mostern, Ruth. “From Battlefields to Counties: War, Border, and State Power in Southern Song Huainan.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 227-252. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

Needham, Joseph and Robin D.S. Yates, Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part VII Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1994.

Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5 Chemistry and Chemical

Technology, Part VII Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Ou, Anthony. Just War and the Confucian Classics: An Analysis of the Gongyangzhuan. VDM Verlag, 2010.

Pan Jixing, “On the Origins of Rockets,” T’oung Pao 73 (1987): 2-15. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Perdue, Peter C. “Coercion and Commerce on Two Chinese Frontiers.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 317-338.

Rand, Christopher C. “Li Ch’üan and Chinese Military Thought,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 39 (1979): 107-137. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , "Chinese Military Thought and Philosophical Taoism", MonumentaSerica XXXIV (1979-1980): 171-218.

Ryden, Edmund. Philosophy of Peace in Han China: A Study of the HuainanziCh. 15 On Military Strategy. Taipei: Taipei Ricci Institute, 1998.

Ryor, Kathleen, “Wen and Wu in Elite Cultural Practices during the Late Ming.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 219-242.

Sadler, A.L. The Chinese Martial Code: The Art of War of Sun Tzu, The Precepts of War by Sima Rangju, Wu Zi on the Art of War. Tokyo, Rutland, VT & Singapore: Tuttle, 2009.

Sanft, Charles, “Bow Control in Han China,” Journal of Asian History 42.2 (2008): 143-164.

Sawyer, Ralph.The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.

--- , tr. Sun Tzu: Art of War. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994.

--- , tr. Military Methods of the Art of War: Sun Pin. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995.

--- . “Military Writings,” A Military History of China, eds. David Graff and Robin Higham. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002, 97-114.

--- . Fire and Water: The Art of Incendiary and Aquatic Warfare in China. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002.

--- . “Martial Prognostication.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 45-64.

--- . Ancient Chinese Warfare. New York: Basic Books, 2011.

Sellmann, James D. “Asian Insights on Violence and Peace,” Asian Philosophy 19.2 (2009): 159-171.

Shahar, Meir. The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008.

Shaughnessy, Edward L. “Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44 (1988): 189-237. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Skaff, Jonathan Karam. “Barbarians at the Gates? The Tang Frontier Military and the An Lushan Rebellion,” War and Society 18 (2000): 23-35. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , “Tang Military Culture and Its Inner Asian Influences.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 165-191.

--- , “Military Histories of Early China: A Review Article.” Early China 21 (1996): 159-182.

Stroble, James, “Justification of War in Ancient China,” Asian Philosophy 8.3 (Nov 1998): 165-185.

Struve, Lynn A. Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers’ Jaws. New Have and London: Yale University Press, 1993.

Swope, Kenneth M. “Civil-Military Coordination in the Bozhou Campaign of the Wanli Era,” War and Society 18 (2000): 49-70. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , “Turning the Tide: The Strategic and Psychological Significance of the Liberation of Pyongyang in 1593,” War and Society 21 (2003): 1-22. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- . A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War 1592-1598. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.

Tao, Jing-shen, “A Tyrant on the Yangtze: The Battle of Ts’ai-shih in 1161.” In Excursions in Chinese Culture: Festschrift in Honor of William R. Schultz. Hong Kong: ChineseUniversity Press, 2002, 149-158.

Trousdale, William, “Where All the Swords Have Gone: Reflections on Some Questions Raised by Professor Keightley,” Early China3 (1977): 65-66. Reprinted in Lorge,Warfare in China to 1600.

Turner, Karen, "War, Punishment and the Law of Nature in Early Chinese Concepts of the

State", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 53: 2 (1993): 285-324.

van de Ven, Hans ed., Warfare in Chinese History. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000.

Waldron, Arthur, "The Warlord: Twentieth Chinese Understandings of Violence, Militarism, and

Imperialism,"American Historical Review 96:4 (1991): 1073-1100.

--- . The Great Wall of China: from history to myth. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1992.

Waley-Cohen, Joanna, “Militarization of Culture in Eighteenth-Century China.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 278-295.

Wallacker, Benjamin E. “Two Concepts in Early Chinese Military Thought,” Language 42 (1966): 295-299. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- , "Studies in medieval Chinese siegecraft: the siege of Yu-pi, A.D. 546," Journal of Asian Studies 28.4 (August 1969): 789-802.

--- , "Studies in medieval Chinese siegecraft: the siege of Chien-k'ang, A.D. 548-549," Journal of Asian History, 5.1 (1971): 35-54.

--- , "Studies in medieval Chinese siegecraft: the siege of Ying-ch'uan, A.D. 548-549," Journal of Asian Studies 30:3 (1971): 611-22.

--- , "Studies in medieval Chinese siegecraft: the Siege of Fengtian, A.D. 783,” Journal of Asian History 33 (1999): 185-193. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Wang Yuan-kang. Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

Wawrytko, Sandra A. “Winning Ways: The Viability (Dao) and Virtuosity (De) of Sunzi’s Methods of Warfare (Bingfa) Journal of Chinese Philosophy 34.4 (2007): 561–579.

Wilbur, C. Martin, “The History of the Crossbow, Illustrated from Specimens in the United StatesNationalMuseum,” Smithsonian Institution Annual Report (1936): 427-38. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

Williams, Crispin, “Early References to Collective Punishment in an excavated Chinese text: analysis and discussion of an imprecation from the Wenxian covenant text,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 74.3 (2011): 353-74.

Wright, David C. “The Northern Frontier,” A Military History of China, eds. David Graff and Robin Higham. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002, 57-80.

Wu Shu-hui, “Fighting for His Majesty (I): Accretion of the Greater Shang (ca. 1200-1045 B.C.),” Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 1 (2012): 24-60.

Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

--- . “Unsung Men of War: Acculturated Embodiments of the Martial Ethos in the Song Dynasty.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2009, 192-218.

--- . “In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Wang Dan and the Early Song Evasion of the ‘Just War’ Doctrine.” Wyatt, Don J., ed. Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, 75-110. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

Yates, Robin, "New Light on Ancient Chinese Military Texts," T'oung Pao 74.3-5 (1988): 212-248. Reprinted in Lorge, Warfare in China to 1600.

--- . “Early China.” In War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica, eds. Kurt Raaflaub and Nathan Rosenstein. Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999, 7-46.

--- . “Law and the Military in Early China.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, pp.23-44.

1