Supplementary Figure 1. the Daily Diary

Supplementary Figure 1. The Daily Diary

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Supplementary Table 1. Distribution of items from the EURO-QOL-EQ-5D

Variable / Mean / Age-specific expected value / Percent missing
State of health as compared to others of same age (from EURO-QOL EQ-5D) / 72.30 / 17.26
Mobility
I have no problems in walking about
I have some problems in walking about
I am confined to bed / 32
21
1 / 58.2
38.2
1.8 / 1.8
Self-care
I have no problems with self-care
I have some problems with self-care
I am unable or wash or dress myself / 51
2
0 / 92.7
3.6
0.0 / 3.6
Usual activities
I have no problems with performing my usual activities
I have some problems with performing my usual activities
I am unable to perform my usual activities / 41
12
2 / 74.5
21.8
3.6 / 0
Pain/Discomfort
I have no pain or discomfort
I have moderate pain or discomfort
I have extreme pain or discomfort / 28
26
1 / 50.9
47.3
1.8 / 0
Anxiety/Depression
I am not anxious or depressed
I am moderately anxious or depressed
I am extremely anxious or depressed / 34
17
4 / 61.8
30.9
7.3 / 0

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Supplementary Table 2. Estimated marginal correlation coefficients (f) from baseline mixed models.

Oxygen saturation / Pulse rate / Self-rated health / Shortness of breath at night / Diastolic blood pressure / Systolic blood pressure
CO indoors / 0.03 / 0.16 / 0.40 / 0.60 / 0.12 / 0.18
PM2.5, indoors / 0.03 / 0.16 / 0.39 / 0.63 / 0.12 / 0.20
PM2.5, outdoors / 0.13 / 0.15 / 0.33 / 0.40 / 0.15 / 0.21
Temperature, indoors / 0.04 / 0.15 / 0.39 / 0.65 / 0.13 / 0.20
Temperature, outdoors / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.37 / 0.55 / 0.14 / 0.22
Relative humidity, indoors / 0.04 / 0.15 / 0.40 / 0.65 / 0.13 / 0.20
Relative humidity, outdoors / 0.14 / 0.14 / 0.37 / 0.55 / 0.14 / 0.22
Minimum / 0.03 / 0.13 / 0.33 / 0.40 / 0.12 / 0.18
Maximum / 0.14 / 0.16 / 0.40 / 0.65 / 0.15 / 0.22

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Interquartile ranges used in the calculation of changes in the health outcomes in the following tables (from Table 3 in the manuscript).

/ Units / Inter-quartile range /
CO indoors / ppm / 0.66
PM2.5 indoors / mg/m3 / 26.71
PM2.5 outdoors / mg/m3 / 13.58
Temperature indoors / °C / 2.86
Temperature outdoors / °C / 19.54
Relative humidity indoors / % / 18.72
Relative humidity outdoors / % / 19.40

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Supplementary Table 3. Mean change in oxygen saturation for an increase equal to the interquartile range of weather and air pollution variables, using REML method unless marked by * which identifies results using MLE method

Effect (for linear effect) / AdjustedA / Fully adjusted AnalysisB / Adjusted for weather or pollutantC /
Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change / Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change / Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change /
Lag 0 days
CO indoors / 0.008 / -0.031, 0.047 / 0.010 / -0.029, 0.049 / 0.006 / -0.034, 0.046
PM2.5 indoors / -0.016 / -0.032, 0.000 / -0.013 / -0.029, 0.004 / -0.014 / -0.030, 0.003
PM2.5 outdoors / -0.039 / -0.090, 0.011 / -0.034 / -0.084, 0.016 / -0.009 / -0.069, 0.051
TEMP indoors / -0.140 / -0.253, -0.027 / -0.142 / -0.254, -0.030 / -0.176 / -0.300, -0.052
TEMP outdoors / -0.336 / -0.539, -0.134 / -0.333 / -0.513, -0.152 / -0.342 / -0.602, -0.081
Relative humidity indoors / -0.103 / -0.267, 0.060 / -0.128 / -0.285, 0.029 / -0.054 / -0.230, 0.122
Relative humidity outdoors / -0.059 / -0.128, 0.011 / -0.068 / -0.136, -0.001 / -0.018 / -0.101, 0.064
Lag 1 days
CO indoors / -0.002 / -0.041, 0.036 / 0.002 / -0.037, 0.041 / -0.004 / -0.044, 0.035
PM2.5 indoors / -0.027 / -0.042, -0.011 / -0.024 / -0.040, -0.008 / -0.027 / -0.043, -0.011
PM2.5 outdoors / -0.030 / -0.080, 0.021 / -0.024 / -0.074, 0.025 / -0.019 / -0.078, 0.040
Temperature indoors / -0.096 / -0.209, 0.018 / -0.098 / -0.210, 0.015 / -0.151 / -0.275, -0.027
Temperature outdoors / -0.089 / -0.292, 0.114 / -0.109 / -0.290, 0.073 / -0.104 / -0.362, 0.154
Relative humidity indoors / 0.081 / -0.083, 0.244 / 0.050 / -0.107, 0.208 / 0.153 / -0.023, 0.329
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.048 / -0.021, 0.118 / 0.034 / -0.035, 0.102 / 0.063 / -0.019, 0.144
Lag 2 days
CO indoors / 0.003 / -0.035, 0.042 / 0.007 / -0.033, 0.046 / 0.000 / -0.040, 0.040
PM2.5 indoors / -0.014 / -0.030, 0.002 / -0.011 / -0.028, 0.005 / -0.013 / -0.030, 0.003
PM2.5 outdoors / -0.008 / -0.059, 0.044 / -0.005 / -0.055, 0.046 / -0.027 / -0.088, 0.033
Temperature indoors / -0.044 / -0.160, 0.073 / -0.045 / -0.161, 0.070 / -0.095 / -0.221, 0.032
Temperature outdoors / 0.027 / -0.177, 0.231 / -0.002 / -0.184, 0.181 / -0.003 / -0.265, 0.258
Relative humidity indoors / 0.094 / -0.071, 0.259 / 0.056 / -0.104, 0.216 / 0.076 / -0.101, 0.253
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.042 / -0.028, 0.111 / 0.036 / -0.033, 0.105 / 0.047 / -0.034, 0.129
Lag 3 days
CO indoors / -0.022 / -0.061, 0.017 / -0.018 / -0.058, 0.021 / -0.030 / -0.070, 0.010
PM2.5 indoors / -0.012 / -0.031, 0.007 / -0.007 / -0.024, 0.010 / -0.009 / -0.026, 0.007
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.020 / -0.031, 0.071 / 0.021* / -0.030, 0.072 / 0.007 / -0.053, 0.068
Temperature indoors / -0.083 / -0.200, 0.035 / -0.061 / -0.182, 0.060 / -0.082 / -0.209, 0.044
Temperature outdoors / 0.083 / -0.103, 0.269 / 0.099* / -0.090, 0.289 / 0.056 / -0.206, 0.318
Relative humidity indoors / 0.070 / -0.096, 0.236 / 0.088 / -0..077, 0.252 / 0.080 / -0.099, 0.258
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.012 / -0.058, 0.082 / 0.019 / -0.052, 0.091 / 0.006 / -0.077, 0.088
Lag 4 days
CO indoors / -0.023 / -0.063, 0.016 / -0.011 / -0.051, 0.029 / -0.026 / -0.067, 0.014
PM2.5 indoors / 0.001 / -0.019, 0.021 / 0.009 / -0.009, 0.027 / 0.005 / -0.013, 0.023
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.042 / -0.009, 0.093 / 0.047 / -0.005, 0.098 / 0.032 / -0.028, 0.093
Temperature indoors / -0.040 / -0.159, 0.079 / -0.022 / -0.144, 0.101 / -0.019 / -0.147, 0.109
Temperature outdoors / 0.223 / 0.032, 0.413 / 0.269 / 0.073, 0.464 / 0.156 / -0.107, 0.420
Relative humidity indoors / 0.165 / -0.003, 0.334 / 0.179 / 0.012, 0.346 / 0.191 / 0.010, 0.371
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.058 / -0.013, 0.129 / 0.061* / -0.011, 0.133 / 0.045 / -0.039, 0.130
Lag 5 days
CO indoors / -0.025 / -0.064, 0.014 / -0.021 / -0.061, 0.019 / -0.021 / -0.061, 0.020
PM2.5 indoors / 0.005 / -0.014, 0.024 / 0.007 / -0.011, 0.025 / 0.001 / -0.017, 0.018
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.060 / 0.008, 0.112 / 0.063 / 0.011, 0.115 / 0.053 / -0.008, 0.114
Temperature indoors / 0.013 / -0.108, 0.134 / 0.015 / -0.109, 0.139 / -0.033 / -0.163, 0.097
Temperature outdoors / 0.217 / 0.020, 0.413 / NCD / 0.219 / -0.049, 0.487
Relative humidity indoors / 0.219 / 0.048, 0.389 / 0.217 / 0.048, 0.386 / 0.220 / 0.036, 0.403
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.041 / -0.032, 0.113 / 0.042 / -0.032, 0.116 / -0.042 / -0.128, 0.043
Lag 6 days
CO indoors / -0.012 / -0.051, 0.027 / -0.011 / -0.049, 0.028 / 0.002 / -0.038, 0.043
PM2.5 indoors / 0.008 / -0.012, 0.028 / 0.014 / -0.005, 0.032 / 0.011 / -0.008, 0.029
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.019 / -0.033, 0.071 / 0.022 / -0.030, 0.074 / 0.018 / -0.044, 0.080
Temperature indoors / -0.039 / -0.162, 0.084 / -0.058 / -0.184, 0.068 / -0.025 / -0.159, 0.109
Temperature outdoors / 0.086 / -0.112, 0.284 / 0.108* / -0.089, 0.306 / 0.104 / -0.172, 0.380
Relative humidity indoors / 0.043 / -0.129, 0.215 / 0.041 / -0.129, 0.211 / 0.051 / -0.138, 0.239
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.008 / -0.065, 0.082 / 0.003* / -0.072, 0.078 / -0.042 / -0.129, 0.046
Lag 7 days
CO indoors / -0.014 / -0.053, 0.025 / -0.019 / -0.058, 0.020 / -0.008 / -0.048, 0.033
PM2.5 indoors / -0.002 / -0.023, 0.019 / -0.006 / -0.024, 0.013 / -0.010 / -0.028, 0.009
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.051 / -0.002, 0.104 / 0.051* / -0.001, 0.104 / 0.021 / -0.043, 0.084
Temperature indoors / -0.030 / -0.154, 0.095 / -0.063 / -0.190, 0.065 / -0.062 / -0.196, 0.073
Temperature outdoors / 0.219 / 0.018, 0.421 / 0.205 / 0.004, 0.407 / 0.153 / -0.128, 0.435
Relative humidity indoors / 0.182 / 0.007, 0.357 / 0.160 / -0.012, 0.333 / 0.243 / 0.052, 0.435
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.081 / 0.007, 0.156 / 0.092 / 0.016, 0.169 / 0.049 / -0.040, 0.138
3-day mean
CO indoors / 0.011 / -0.030, 0.052 / 0.013 / -0.029, 0.054 / 0.016 / -0.025, 0.058
PM2.5 indoors / -0.027 / -0.046, -0.008 / -0.025 / -0.045, -0.005 / -0.026 / -0.046, -0.007
PM2.5 outdoors / -0.044 / -0.110, 0.022 / NCD / -0.028 / -0.104, 0.049
Temperature indoors / -0.125 / -0.258, 0.007 / -0.104 / -0.240, 0.032 / -0.179 / -0.314, -0.043
Temperature outdoors / -0.200 / -0.442, 0.043 / -0.170* / -0.377, 0.038 / -0.266 / -0.568, 0.036
Relative humidity indoors / 0.008 / -0.196, 0.212 / -0.038 / -0.235, 0.159 / 0.081 / -0.131, 0.292
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.001 / -0.094, 0.097 / -0.019 / -0.113, 0.075 / 0.043 / -0.067, 0.153
7-day mean
CO indoors / 0.004 / -0.041, 0.048 / 0.003 / -0.042, 0.048 / 0.007 / -0.037, 0.052
PM2.5 indoors / -0.026 / -0.057, 0.005 / -0.018 / -0.050, 0.014 / -0.026 / -0.057, 0.005
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.048 / -0.036, 0.131 / 0.055* / -0.023, 0.133 / 0.055 / -0.039, 0.148
Temperature indoors / -0.123 / -0.290, 0.043 / -0.104 / -0.274, 0.065 / -0.138 / -0.299, 0.022
Temperature outdoors / 0.095 / -0.196, 0.386 / 0.035 / -0.204, 0.274 / -0.095 / -0.443, 0.252
Relative humidity indoors / 0.214 / -0.046, 0.473 / 0.137 / -0.111, 0.385 / 0.281 / 0.026, 0.535
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.025 / -0.107, 0.157 / 0.013 / -0.116, 0.142 / 0.012 / -0.138, 0.163

A the fully adjusted model is adjusted for month of the year as a factor effect, age as a linear effect, gender, weight as a linear effect, body temperature as a linear effect, number of cups of liquid as a linear effect , having consumed salt in the previous day, being sick and having sleeping problems.

B covariates chosen on the criteria of 10% change in the relationship between the outcome and exposure when added to the unadjusted model.

C model for indoor CO adjusted for indoor Temperature and indoor RH, model for indoor PM adjusted for indoor Temperature and indoor RH, model for outdoor PM adjusted for outdoor Temperature and outdoor RH, model for indoor Temperature adjusted for indoor CO and indoor PM, model for indoor RH adjusted for indoor CO and indoor PM, model for outdoor Temperature adjusted for outdoor PM, model for outdoor RH adjusted for outdoor PM.

D model did not converge, both with REML and MLE method.

* Result from MLE method since the REML method resulted in a non-positive definite approximate variance-covariance matrix.

Supplementary Table 4. Mean change in pulse rate for an increase equal to the interquartile range of selected weather and air pollution variables, using REML method unless marked by * which identifies results using MLE method

Effect (for linear effect) / AdjustedA / Fully adjusted AnalysisB / Adjusted for weather or pollutantC /
Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change / Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change / Mean change / 95% C.I. for Mean change /
Lag 0 days
CO indoors / 0.175 / -0.076, 0.426 / 0.175 / -0.077, 0.427 / 0.175 / -0.082, 0.432
PM2.5 indoors / 0.144 / 0.057, 0.230 / 0.147 / 0.061, 0.233 / 0.147 / 0.058, 0.237
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.075 / -0.211, 0.361 / 0.097 / -0.192, 0.385 / -0.058 / -0.404, 0.287
Temperature indoors / 0.005 / -0.636, 0.647 / 0.044 / -0.596, 0.684 / 0.158 / -0.609, 0.926
Temperature outdoors / -0.647 / -1.855, 0.562 / -0.615 / -1.820, 0.590 / -0.085 / -1.609, 1.438
Relative humidity indoors / -0.341 / -1.254, 0.571 / -0.239 / -1.153, 0.676 / -0.030 / -1.077, 1.018
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.133 / -0.275, 0.540 / 0.132 / -0.267, 0.531 / 0.170 / -0.301, 0.641
Lag 1 days
CO indoors / -0.029 / -0.276, 0.217 / -0.029 / -0.276, 0.219 / -0.018 / -0.271, 0.234
PM2.5 indoors / 0.019 / -0.067, 0.106 / 0.031 / -0.055, 0.117 / 0.022 / -0.067, 0.110
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.227 / -0.058, 0.512 / 0.251 / -0.036, 0.538 / 0.324 / -0.022, 0.670
Temperature indoors / 0.199 / -0.450, 0.848 / 0.225 / -0.421, 0.872 / 0.237 / -0.533, 1.008
Temperature outdoors / -0.484 / -1.703, 0.735 / -0.519 / -1.737, 0.698 / -0.554 / -2.081, 0.972
Relative humidity indoors / -0.613 / -1.529, 0.302 / -0.557 / -1.474, 0.360 / -0.624 / -1.680, 0.432
Relative humidity outdoors / 0.028 / -0.381, 0.436 / 0.011 / -0.393, 0.414 / -0.145 / -0.617, 0.327
Lag 2 days
CO indoors / 0.020 / -0.229, 0.268 / 0.019 / -0.231, 0.269 / 0.011 / -0.245, 0.267
PM2.5 indoors / 0.034 / -0.054, 0.123 / 0.049 / -0.039, 0.138 / 0.037 / -0.054, 0.128
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.165 / -0.124, 0.454 / 0.169 / -0.122, 0.460 / 0.239 / -0.110, 0.589
Temperature indoors / 0.173 / -0.488, 0.835 / 0.177 / -0.484, 0.837 / 0.251 / -0.539, 1.041
Temperature outdoors / -0.357 / -1.586, 0.872 / -0.360 / -1.585, 0.866 / 0.143 / -1.400, 1.686
Relative humidity indoors / -0.757 / -1.675, 0.162 / -0.765 / -1.685, 0.156 / -0.625 / -1.689, 0.439
Relative humidity outdoors / -0.062 / -0.470, 0.347 / -0.040 / -0.445, 0.366 / -0.206 / -0.674, 0.262
Lag 3 days
CO indoors / -0.085 / -0.337, 0.166 / -0.076 / -0.329, 0.177 / -0.109 / -0.367, 0.149
PM2.5 indoors / -0.070 / -0.160, 0.020 / -0.055 / -0.146, 0.036 / -0.068 / -0.161, 0.025
PM2.5 outdoors / 0.134 / -0.158, 0.425 / 0.138 / -0.160, 0.436 / 0.272 / -0.083, 0.626