Electronic Supplementary Material 1

Table 1. Adult life expectancy of males and females in 30 long-lived vertebrate species, and duration of effective breeding for males and females in 15 long-lived vertebrate species.

Species / Breeding system / Mean number of females in breeding group / Life expectancy at reaching adulthood (years) / Ratio of Male life expectancyto Female life expectancy / Duration of effective breedingDEB (years) / Ratio of Male DEB to Female DEB / Sources
Male / Female / Male / Female
Cynomys ludovicianus / SP / 2.7 / 1.74 / 2.80 / 0.62 / 3.68 / 5.31 / 0.69 / Hoogland 1995
Castor canadensis / SM / 1 / 2.75 / 2.93 / 0.94 / Bergerud & Miller 1977
Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi / SP / 1.9 / 9.16 / 8.85 / 1.03 / Richard et al. 1991, Richard et al. 2002
Mandrillus sphinx / SP / 10.5 / 12.70 / 22.23 / 0.57 / 11.89 / 20 / 0.59 / Setchell et al. 2005, Wickings et al. 1993
Macaca mulatta / SP / 18 / 5.51 / 9.44 / 0.58 / Meikle & Vessey 1988, Berard et al. 1994
Macaca fuscata / SP / 9 / 4.30 / 7.33 / 0.59 / Fedigan & Zohar 1997, Mitani et al. 1996, Nunn 1999
Macaca sylvanus / SP / 10.5 / 12.95 / 19.66 / 0.66 / Kuester et al. 1995, Nunn 1999
Papio cynocephalus / SP / 14 / 7.47 / 8.74 / 0.85 / 11.77 / 19 / 0.62 / Altmann et al. 1988, Storz et al. 2002
Theropithecus gelada / SP / 4.1 / 7.60 / 9.62 / 0.79 / Dunbar 1980
Gorilla beringei / SP / 3 / 18.84 / 23.57 / 0.80 / Robbins & Robbins 2005
Crocuta crocuta / SP / 26 / 5.99 / 6.86 / 0.87 / Hofer & East 1995, East et al. 2003
Panthera leo / SP / 5.5 / 4.71 / 7.80 / 0.60 / 8.35 / 12.43 / 0.67 / Packer et al. 1988
Helogale parvula / SM / 1 / 3.55 / 3.43 / 1.03 / 6.44 / 5.88 / 1.09 / Waser et al. 1995
Suricata suricatta / SM / 1 / 5.55 / 5.59 / 0.99 / Clutton-Brock et al. unpublished data
Lycaon pictus / SM / 1 / 3.66 / 3.29 / 1.11 / Creel & Creel 2002
Mirounga angustirostris / SP / 62.8 / 3.67 / 11 / 0.33 / Le Boeuf & Reiter 1988, Hoelzel et al. 1999
Mirounga leonina / SP / 42 / 3.12 / 4.18 / 0.75 / Pistorius et al. 1999, Hoelzel et al. 1999
Table continued…
Species / Breeding system / Mean number of females in breeding group / Life expectancy at reaching adulthood (years) / Ratio of Male life expectancyto Female life expectancy / Duration of effective breedingDEB (years) / Ratio of Male DEB to Female DEB / Sources
Male / Female / Male / Female
Capreolus capreolus / SP / 5.01 / 7.91 / 0.63 / Loison et al. 1999
Rangifer tarandus / SP / 2.18 / 4.63 / 0.47 / Leader-Williams 1988
Cervus elaphus / SP / 4.4 / 8.0 / 10.6 / 0.75 / 6.67 / 14 / 0.48 / Clutton-Brock et al. 1988
Cervus elaphus (elk) / SP / 7.64 / 16.05 / 0.48 / Houston 1982
Tursiops truncatus / SP / 9.74 / 12.34 / 0.79 / Stolen & Barlow 2003
Equus caballus / SP / 3.1 / 10.37 / 16.00 / 0.65 / Berger 1986
Syncerus cafer / SP / 7.38 / 7.36 / 1.00 / Sinclair 1977
Ovis aries / SP / 3.12 / 5.13 / 0.61 / 6.82 / 10 / 0.68 / Coulson & Crawley 2004
Oreamnos americanus / SP / 5.82 / 8.18 / 0.71 / Festa-Bianchet et al. 2003
Tetrao tetrix / SP / 1.8 / 2.53 / 3.81 / 0.66 / Caizergues & Ellison 2000, Kruijt & de Vos 1988
Agelaius phoenicus / SP / 3.9 / 4.65 / 5 / 0.93 / Beletsky 1996
Turdoides squamiceps / SM / 1 / 4.30 / 2.95 / 1.46 / Zahavi 1989
Aphelocoma caerulescens / SM / 1 / 4.52 / 4.82 / 0.94 / Fitzpatrick & Woolfenden 1988
Melanerpes formicivorus / SP / 1.2 / 4.30 / 3.08 / 1.39 / Koenig & Mumme 1987, Koenig & Stacey 1990
Pandion haliaetus / SM / 1 / 6.48 / 6.59 / 0.98 / Postupalsky 1989
Rissa tridactyla / SM / 1 / 5.24 / 6.56 / 0.80 / 14 / 14 / 1.00 / Thomas & Coulson 1988
Cygnus columbianus / SM / 1 / 6.94 / 5.60 / 1.24 / 11.74 / 11.78 / 1.00 / Scott 1988
Branta leucopsis / SM / 1 / 7.80 / 7.00 / 1.11 / 11.30 / 12.17 / 0.93 / Owen & Black 1989

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