Name ______
Earth and Space Science 1st Semester Review
Vocabulary:
1. Scientific Method
2. Theory
3. Cosmology
4. Astronomy
5. Solar System
6. Celestial Sphere
7. Star
8. Galaxy
9. Galaxy Cluster
10. Universe
11. Light Year
12. Geocentric
13. Heliocentric
14. Big Bang Theory
15. Solar nebula
16. Planetesimals
17. Jovian planets
18. Terrestrial planets
19. Nebula
20. Protosun
21. Protostars
22. Protoplanets
23. Comet
24. Asteroids
25. geology
26. stratigraphy
27. sedimentary rock
28. metamorphic rock
29. igneous rock
30. basin
31. grade
32. strata
33. unconformity
34. intrusion
35. fault
36. fossils
37. lithification
38. The Big Bang Theory states that the universe was created ______years ago.
.
39. Hubble's law states that the further away the galaxy, the ______it is moving away from the earth.
40. After the Big Bang, ______caused clumps of matter to form and eventually become galaxies.
41. ______is when light seen coming from an object is proportionally shifted to appear redder.
42. When a star like our sun dies, it goes through several stages:
a. All of the fuel, ______, is used up.
b. The force of ______is stronger than the heat from the nuclear fusion and the center of the star shrinks.
c. The outside of the star expands and the star becomes a ______giant.
d. The denser core causes it to heat up and causes more nuclear fusion to occur, this time with ______as its fuel. The star is now a "normal" size again.
e. Eventually, that fuel is used up, and the star becomes a ______giant again.
f. As the core collapses, a ______dwarf is formed along with planetary ______.
43. When a massive star dies, it goes through several stages:
a. It goes through the same stages as a smaller star but instead of becoming a ______giant twice, it goes through several cycles.
b. After all of the fuel is used up, it becomes a ______.
c. If it is very massive, it keeps collapsing until it becomes a ______star.
d. If it is extremely massive, it will not stop collapsing and will become a ______
44. What did Tycho do?
45. What did Kepler do?
46. What did Newton do?
47. What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion?
a.
b.
48. What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?
a.
b.
c.
49. List the three main pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang Theory.
a.
b.
c.
50. Explain the theory of the Open Universe.
51. Explain the theory of the Closed Universe.
52. What causes the heat of a star in its center?
53. How is a star "born"?
54. Three clues as to how the solar system formed are:
- All planets ______in the same direction around the sun.
- Most planets ______in the same direction on their axis.
- Planetary orbits are in nearly the same ______.
55. The flat, rapidly rotating cloud of gas and dust as our solar system was being made was a ______.
56. The contraction of the solar nebula made it spin faster and ______up. (compressed gas does this.)
57. How old is our solar system?
58. What are leftover icy planetesimals called?
59. What are leftover rocky and metallic planetesimals called?
60. Name the planets in order from the sun outward.
61. Explain the Giant Impact Theory of the moon.
a. / Sun / h. / Uranusb. / Mercury / i. / Neptune
c. / Venus / j. / Pluto
d. / Earth / k. / Asteroid Belt
e. / Mars / l. / Kuiper Belt
f. / Jupiter / m. / Oort Cloud
g. / Saturn
62. _____made of about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium
63. _____solid and covered with craters; has almost no atmosphere
64. _____rocky and very hot surface; atmosphere completely hides the surface and traps heat
65. _____liquid covers 71% of the surface; has one moon
66. _____has a thin atmosphere that contains mostly carbon dioxide; has two small moons
67. _____has the Great Red Spot, a storm of swirling gas; has 39 moons
68. _____has rings that are not solid; they are composed of small countless particles
69. _____blue-green because of the methane in its atmosphere
70. _____from 1979 to 1999, it was the ninth planet
71. _____the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft
72. _____between Mars and Jupiter; has between 700,000 and 1.7 million small bodies
73. _____outside Neptune; holds short-period comets
74. _____beyond Pluto; holds long-period comets
75. The first atmosphere was made up of ______and ______.
76. The second atmosphere was made up mainly of ______, ______, and ______.
77. In the development of Earth's third atmosphere, ______increased and ______decreased.
78. The current composition of the atmosphere was established about a ______years ago.
79. What was the period of time where there were no rocks because the Earth was molten?
80. What was the period of time where Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form?
81. What was the period of time in which continental accretion occurred, making supercontinent cycles and ice ages?
82. What is the period of time which is the current eon and covers roughly 545 million years?
83. This era started with Pannotia, broke up into a large number of small continents, then ended with Pangaea.
84. During this era, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana, then broke up into modern-day continents
85. During this era, Laurasia become North America and Eurasia.
86. Earth's second atmosphere was established by the ______of volcanoes.
87. In Earth's second atmosphere, there was no ______(unlike today) and, therefore, no ______to stop radiation from flooding the surface.
88. As the Earth cooled, the water vapor formed ______and ______.
89. Low CO2 levels in the third atmosphere caused an ______because solar radiation decreased.
a. / molten / e. / subductionb. / tectonic activity / f. / accretion
c. / cratonization / g. / orogeny
d. / mantle
90. _____liquified by heat
91. _____forces or conditions within the earth that cause movements of the crust
92. _____the making of a relatively rigid and immobile continental portion of the Earth's crust
93. _____the portion of the Earth between the crust and the core
94. _____the process by which collision of the earth's crustal plates results in one plate's being drawn down or overridden by another
95. _____the growing together of separate parts into a single whole
96. _____the process of mountain making or upheaval
97. Give one of the two reasons why the first atmosphere was lost very quickly.
98. In the first atmosphere, give one reason the earth was extremely hot.
99. Why did the Earth warm up after the ice age?
100. CHART:
Word Bank:
Proterozoic, Archean, Phanerozoic, Hadeon
Present-day atmosphere, molten--not solid, cooling and solidification, atmosphere developing
No life, aquatic life to humans, prokaryotes, algae
4.5 bya-3.8 bya / 3.8 bya-2.7 bya / 2.7 bya-.590 bya / .590 bya-presenta. / Mercury / d. / Mars
b. / Venus / e. / Astroid Belt
c. / Earth
____ 101. atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds
____ 102. the temperature difference between the hottest and coldest spots is 600°
____ 103. ice in craters that do not get sunlight
____ 104. only planet capable of sustaining life
____ 105. morning star and evening star
____ 106. 2 moons--Deimos and Phobos
____ 107. made of rocky and/or iron-nickel material
____ 108. 365 days to orbit the sun
____ 109. found in an orbit between Mars and Jupiter
____ 110. the Red Planet
a. / Jupiter / d. / Neptuneb. / Saturn / e. / Pluto
c. / Uranus
____ 111. Has 13 moons
____ 112. Has at least 31 moons
____ 113. 2/3 the size of our moon
____ 114. Its moon, Titan, is the largest moon to orbit backwards around a planet
____ 115. Largest planet in our solar system
____ 116. Ring system made of thousands of water ice particles
____ 117. Dwarf planet
____ 118. Rotates on its side
____ 119. Has the Great Red Spot
____ 120. Icy and has faint rings
a. / Explorer / f. / Surveyorb. / Pioneer / g. / Mercury
c. / Ranger / h. / Gemini
d. / Mariner / i. / Apollo
e. / Voyager
____ 121. mission was to gain information about Jupiter and Saturn, but went on to explore Uranus and Neptune, also
____ 122. designed for planetary exploration; explored the outermost planets and left the solar system
____ 123. first man-in-space program; unmanned missions carried a chimpanzee
____ 124. designed to obtain close-up images of the moon and then impact
____ 125. 2 man space flights; up to two weeks in space
____ 126. designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury
____ 127. designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth
____ 128. designed for soft landings on the moon; all five are still there
____ 129. discovered the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere
130. What is the significance of Apollo 13?
131. Who was the first man to walk on the moon?
132. What is the significance of the Apollo 1 mission?
133. What is the significance of Apollo 11?
134. What did James Ussher do in the mid-1600s?
135. What is catastrophism?
136. Who is credited with formulating the doctrine of uniformitarianism?
137. The forces and processes that can be observed shaping our present day landscapes have also operated in the geologic past. The preceding statement refers to ______.
138. Fossils which denote particular short periods of time in the geologic past are referred to as ______.
139. Who is credited with formulating the law of superposition?
140. What does electron capture do for the atomic number?
141. What does an alpha particle consist of?
142. In which type of radioactive decay does the atomic number increase by one?
143. ______dating occurs when events are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their absolute ages.
144. List three different types of unconformities.
a.
b.
c.
145. The principle of ______states that younger rock layers are on top of older rock layers.
146. ______popularized the theory of uniformitarianism and was a friend of Charles Darwin.
147. According to the principle of ______, fossil organisms succeed each other in a definite and determinable order.
148. What are two conditions that favor the preservation of an organism as a fossil?
149. What is a half-life?
150. Radioactivity is when the forces binding protons and neutrons together are not strong enough, and the nuclei spontaneously ______.
151. When the organism dies, carbon-14 decays to form ______by beta emission.
152. Probably the most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is ______.
153. The hardest naturally occurring mineral is the ______.
154. The color of a mineral in a powdered form is known as ______.
155. An aggregate of one or more minerals is called a ______.
a. / geology / h. / stratab. / stratigraphy / i. / unconformity
c. / sedimentary rock / j. / intrusion
d. / metamorphic rock / k. / fault
e. / igneous rock / l. / fossils
f. / basin / m. / lithification
g. / grade
_____156. rock formed from the weathered products of pre-existing rocks that have been transported, deposited and hardened
_____157. a circular downfolded structure
_____158. the remains or traces of prehistoric life
_____159. the study of rock layers, especially sedimentary rocks
_____160. molten rock that moves upward through existing rock
_____161. rock formed from crystallized molten magma
_____162. a surface that represents a break in the rock record
_____163. study of the Earth, its form and composition, and the changes it has undergone and is undergoing
_____164. the process of converting sediments to solid rock
_____165. gradually decreasing sediment
_____166. rock formed deep in the Earth by heat and/or pressure
_____167. parallel layers of sedimentary rock
_____168. a break in rock along which movement has occurred
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