Review: 1450-1750

Europe, China, and the Americas

  1. How did the Ming dynasty differ from the Mongol Yuan dynasty?

Neoconfucianism – motivated by need for competent government administration

Not in Mongol control, contact with other nations increased with the creation of Chinese navy, and civil service became standardized with the use of an exam based on Confucian principles

  1. Who founded the Qing dynasty?

The Manchus

  1. How did the Qing dynasty compare to the Ming dynasty which came before them?

Different approaches toward trade with Europeans

  1. Name an effect of the introduction of New World crops into China.

rapid population growth in the 17th and 18th centuries

  1. What was the English Bill of Rights?

Rights for all English citizens, including:

-King cannot maintain an army with Parliament approval

-People had the right to petition the king to redress grievances

-Jury trials were guaranteed to accused criminals

  1. What were three effects of the Protestant Reformation?

-literacy rates rose in Europe

-sparked wars of religion in Europe for over 100 years

-began an attempt to rid the Catholic Church of corruption

  1. What was humanism? How did it differ from the common European worldview of the Middle Ages?

Seeing man and his ideas and actions as important; in the Middle Ages only man’s spiritual life had importance

  1. Describe the world economy in 1750.

Moving towards unification based on European maritime dominance

  1. Describe early European capitalism.

Allowed private investors to participate in large scale economic projects

  1. What were two causes and two effects of the Columbian Exchange?

CausesEffects

Potatoes brought to Europe = Increase in Northern European population

Cattle/Horses brought to Americas = Devastated Amerindian cultures

  1. What was the best way to increase social status in Europe from 1450 to 1750?

New business ventures or jobs in manufacturing

  1. Which region of the world became the dominant trading power during the Age of Exploration?

China (silver trade)

  1. Describe the role of women in Europe from 1450-1750.

-Most Enlightenment ideas about freedom & equality were not applied to women

-Continued to be inferior to men

-Was largely dependent on one’s social status and varied greatly from country to country

  1. How did Eurasian diseases affect the New World?

Caused epidemics in 16th century Mesoamerica

  1. What was the major trade product in the Atlantic between:

1500-1600:tobacco

1600-1700:sugar

  1. How did the introduction of the potato affect Europe? What is this similar to?

-Increase in Northern Europe’s population

-Peasants in Italy & Ireland produced wheat while eating potatoes & maize

  1. List the factors permitting rise of secular monarchs.
  1. The Hundred Years War
  2. The Peace of Augsburg
  3. Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
  1. Which regions of the world were involved in trade with the New World from 1500-1750?

Europe, Africa, East Asia

  1. Where were most slaves in the Americas sent, and what did they do there?
    Tropical plantations to plant/harvest crops
  2. Why was the Council of Trent significant?

It was an attempt during the Catholic Reformation to respond to Protestantism

-Outlawed selling of indulgences

-Rejected predestination

-Commissioned art and architecture

  1. What was the encomiendasystem and which country used it?

Used in Spain, encomienda was a labor system similar to chattel slavery

  1. Describe one aspect of colonization for each of the following European powers:

England – governed its territories in a less invasive fashion than did the Portuguese

Spain – Sugar cane production was the primary economic activity

France – did not have as many permanent settlements in their colonies as the Spanish

  1. Why was the Glorious Revolution significant?

Did not involve a significant amount of violence

  1. What was the Reconquista of Iberia?

-Spanish invasion of northern Africa/southern Italy

-Violent persecution of other religions

-Exodus of Moors and Sephardic Jews from Spanish Territory

  1. Why did the Protestant Reformation lead to increased literacy?

With proper education, women have the ability to be as smart as men

  1. Name 3 European city-states during the period from 1500-1750.

Genoa, Pisa, Venice

  1. What scientific discoveries were made by each of the following:

Nicolaus Copernicus– heliocentric model of universe

Johannes Kepler–laws of planetary motion

Isaac Newton– laws of motion and universal gravity

  1. Why wasn’t Spain influenced by the Renaissance?

The Spanish government strictly censored humanistic ideas and writers

  1. What were two qualities of a nation-state in Europe from 1500-1750?

-Common language

-Geographically distinct territory

-Set of common laws

  1. What was mercantilism?
    A system of foreign trade where a country’s goal is to export more than they import
  2. Which countries used a mercantilist economic system?

Portugal, Spain, and England

  1. What were three effects of the Enlightenment in Europe?

-Push back from Absolute Monarchy (legislative, judicial, and executive power under control of the monarch)

-writers and artists took inspiration from cultural accomplishments of the ancient Greeks and Romans

-interest in science and reason