ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MID-TERM REVIEW!

BODY ORIENTATION AND SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

1. Compare and contrast "anatomy" and "physiology."

ANATOMY- STRUCTURES

PHYSIOLOGY-FUNCTIONS

2. List the levels of biological organization from smallest (cell) to largest (organism).

CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGANISM

3. Define homeostasis AND list which two main body systems control this.

HOMEOSTASIS – KEEPING BODY STABILITY/BALANCE

REGULATED BY: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM & ENDOCRINE

(ALL PLAY A ROLE, PARTICULARLY URINARY/EXCRETORY AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS)

4. Draw potato person and draw a straight line for a sagittal section dividing the body in two at the medial plane AND a transverse section in the umbilical region, so that you now have four separate parts. Label the section lines.

5. Review body cavities. List all organs that can be found in: DOES NOT INCLUDE GLANDS

a. abdominopelvic cavity -

STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, PANCREAS, LIVER, GALL BLADDER, SPLEEN, APPENDIX, KIDNEYS, URINARY BLADDER

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS—OVARIES, UTERUS

b. cranial cavity - BRAIN

c. thoracic cavity – HEART, LUNGS

6. Review regional anatomy terms. Match column A with column B:

COLUMN A

_A__arm

_I__belly button

_E__buttock

_H__chest

_C_fingers and toes

_G__knee (anterior)

_F__mouth

_B__neck

_D__thigh

COLUMN B

a. brachial

b. cervical

c. digital

d. femoral

e. gluteal

f. oral

g. patellar

h. thoracic

i. umbilical

7. Review function and organs of each body system:

SYSTEM / FUNCTION / ORGANS
Integumentary / PROTECTION, REGULATION OF BODY TEMP, PREVENTS DEHYDRATION, SENSORY INPUT, WASTE SECRETION / SKIN
Skeletal / SUPPORT, PROTECION, MOVEMENT, STORAGE, HEMATOPOEISIS / BONES, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS
Muscular / MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES AND SKELETON; CREATES HEAT; MUSCLE TONE / MUSCLES, TENDONS, HEART
Nervous / RESPONSE TO STIMULI; SENSORY INPUT; COMMUNICATION THROUGHOUT BODY VIA ELECTRICAL SIGNALS; ACTIVATES MUSCLES, GLANDS, OTHER NERVES / CNS: BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
PNS: ALL OTHER NERVES
Cardiovascular (circulatory) / TRANSPORTATION OF WATER, NUTRIENTS, OXYGEN, HORMONES AROUND BODY
REMOVE WASTES – SOLID, LIQUID, GAS / HEART, ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, VENULES, VEINS, BLOOD
Respiratory / GAS EXCHANGE: OXYGEN ßà CARBON DIOXIDE / ORAL & NASAL PHARYNX, TRACHEA, LUNGS
Digestive / BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
ELMINATION OF WASTES / MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, LIVER, GALL BLADDER, PANCREAS
Excretory (urinary) / REGULATES WATER, SALTS, & pH LEVELS, BLOOD PRESSURE; FILTERS WASTES / KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, URETHRA
Endocrine / REGULATES METABOLISM, REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH HORMONES / GLANDS (MAJOR: PITUITARY, THYROID, PARATHYROID, ADRENAL, PANCREAS, THYMUS, OVARIES/TESTES, PINEAL
Reproductive / PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING

BIOCHEMISTRY pH, ions, isotopes, bonding,definitions: atom/element/matter/homeostasis

  1. Contrast organic with inorganic molecules and give human body examples.

ORGANIC – MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS; PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, NUCLEIC ACIDS, LIPIDS

INORGANIC – MOST IMPORTANT TO LIFE: SALTS, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE

  1. Which statement about enzymes is true?
  1. They are proteins.
  1. They form complexes with specific substrates (molecules).
  2. They are biological catalysts.
  3. They increase the rates of chemical reactions and lower heat needed.

e.  All of the above.

  1. List macromolecules, their monomer building blocks, function, and body examples:

Macromolecule / Monomer / Function / Examples
CARBOHYDRATE / monosaccharide / Energy production for ATPs
Structures on cells / Glucose/glycogen
Part of cell and tissue markers
LIPIDS / 3 fatty acids plus glycerol
Phospholipid
Phosphate group plus 2 lipid tails
Steroid ring / Energy storage; insulation
Protection; monitors what comes in or out of cell (or organelle)
chemical messenger
water-proofing / Fats and oils
Cell membrane of
Phospholipids
Hormones
waxes
PROTEINS / Amino acids (20) / Enzymes, antibodies, structural, hormones, transport, messenger / Enzymes
hormones
NUCLEIC ACIDS / nucleotides / Store genetic information
Protein synthesis / DNA
RNA

CELLS AND TISSUES

  1. Draw and label a “typical” animal cell with labels. Use the following: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, nucleus, chromatin, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, microtubules

  1. Choose the group of terms that best describes the process of diffusion:
  1. Passive; carriers; up a concentration gradient

b.  Passive: kinetic energy; down a concentration gradient

  1. Active; carriers; down a concentration gradient
  2. Active; kinetic energy; up or against a concentration gradient
  1. Match terms in column B with description in column A:

COLUMN A

_F__ energy-generating powerhouse of

the cell

_B__ assemblies and packages materials

to be secreted from the cell

_E,_I_ provides supports for maintaining

cell shape

_L_ synthesizes steroid hormones

_A__ forms the mitotic spindle and the

base of cilia

_J__ site of protein synthesis

_G__ site of ribosome synthesis

_K__ membrane network studded with

ribosomes

_H__ control center of the cell

_D__ sac of digestive enzymes

_C__ pigment granules, water vacuoles,

etc.

COLUMN B

  1. Centriole
  1. Golgi apparatus
  2. Inclusions
  3. Lysosome
  4. Microtubules
  5. Mitochondria
  6. Nucleolus
  7. Nucleus
  8. Plasma membrane
  9. Ribosome
  10. Rough ER
  11. Smooth ER

  1. Complete the tissue chart below:

Tissue / Function / Body location
Epithelial / PROTECTION, SENSORY RECEPTION, SECRETION, TEMP REGULATION, ABSORPTION, FILTRATION – SITE FOR DIFFUSION / SKIN; LINE HOLLOW ORGANS AND VESSELS
Muscle / MOVEMENT / HEART, LINE CVS AND DIGESTIVE TRACT, ATTACHED TO SKELETON/MUSCLES
Connective / CONNECT TISSUES, PROTECTION, SUPPORT BODY / BLOOD, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS, BONES
Nervous / SENSORY INPUT AND COMMUNICATION / BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES OUTSIDE OF CNS
  1. Complete the following muscle table:

Muscle type / Structure description / Location in the body
Skeletal / CYLINDRICAL, STRIATED, LAYERED, MULTINUCLEATE / ATTACHED TO SKELETON AND OTHER MUSCLES
Smooth / ELLIPTICAL, UNINUCLEATE / LINES HOLLOW ORGANS (DIGESTIVE AND CNS)
Cardiac / CYLINDRICAL, STRIATED, BRANCHING, UNINUCLEATE / HEART
  1. Match the connective tissue types in Column B with the description in Column A.

COLUMN A

_C__ Achilles was “done in” by damage to the tendon connecting his calf

muscles to his heel. All tendons

consist of this tissue.

_A__ no one is literally a “fathead”

because the brain is unable to

store this tissue.

_G__ has a high content of hard calcium

salts

_B_ a soft packing tissue with soft fluid

matrix

_E_ forms the shock-absorbing pads

between the vertebrae

_F_ glassy semihard tissue that covers

bone ends at joint surfaces

connects ribs to breastbone

COLUMN B

  1. Adipose
  1. Areolar
  2. Dense fibrous
  3. Elastic cartilage
  4. Fibrocartilage
  5. Hyaline cartilage
  6. Osseous (bone)

TISSUES AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

  1. Where are mucous membranes located?
  1. In joint cavites
  1. Covering the heart

c.  Lining the stomach

  1. Covering the brain
  1. Skin color is determined by ___.
  1. the amount of carotene in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
  1. pigments in the epidermis (melanin)
  2. the degree of oxygenation of the blood

d.  All of the above

  1. List the functions of the skin:

PREVENTS DEHYDRATION, PROTECTION, REGULATED BODY TEMP, SENSORY INPUT, SECRETES WASTES

  1. What are the two most life-threatening concerns when a person has severe burns?

DEHYDRATION AND INFECTION

  1. Acne is a disorder associated with inflammation of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS
  1. What tissue describes the outer surface covering the heart? PERICARDIUM (SEROUS MEMBRANE)
  1. Describe the ABCD method of monitoring moles.

A – asymmetry: unbalanced shape and/or color

B – border: irregular, uneven, not smooth

C – color: change or multicolored

D – diameter: larger than 6mm

SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. List four functions of the skeletal system:

MOVE BODY, STORAGE OF MINERALS, FATS, & SALTS, HEMATOPOISIS, SUPPORT FRAME

  1. A bone that has essentially the same width, length, and height is most likely __.
  1. A long bone

b.  A short bone

  1. A flat bone
  2. An irregular bone
  1. When exposed to vinegar, what components of bone matrix have been lost?

CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS

  1. The process of ossification (bone formation) in long bones includes:
  1. production of new bone matrix by osteoclasts

b.  breakdown of hyaline cartilage

  1. initial formation of bone matrix, with later replacement by cartilage
  2. destruction of the epiphyseal plates shortly after birth
  1. In adult long bones, hyaline cartilage is found ___
  2. in the medullary cavity
  3. between trabeculae

c.  on articular surfaces

  1. in the epiphyseal line
  2. in the diaphysis
  1. The spinal cord passes through a large opening in the occipital bone. This opening is an example of a ___.

a.  foramen

  1. sinus
  2. ramus
  3. facet
  4. tubercle

  1. Match the terms below with their descriptions:
  1. Bursitis b. Gout c. Osteoarthritis d. Rheumatoid arthritis

_C__ a consequence of “wear and tear” on joints; chiefly affects large weight-bearing

joints; involves erosion of articular-cartilage and formation of bony spurs

_A__ examples are housemaid’s knee and tennis elbow

__B_ painful condition reflecting elevated levels of uric acid in blood; few joints affected

__D_ autoimmune disorder; joints affected bilaterally; involves pannus formation and

gradual joint immobilization

MUSCLE SYSTEM

List functions of the muscle system:

MOVEMENT OF BODY AND SUBSTANCES

SUPPORT FRAMEWORK – POSTURE AND TONE

HEAT PRODUCTION

STABILIZE JOINTS

Describe the three types of muscle cells:

Muscle type / Structure description / Location in the body
Skeletal / CYLINDRICAL, STRIATED, LAYERED, MULTINUCLEATE / ATTACHED TO SKELETON AND OTHER MUSCLES
Smooth / ELLIPTICAL, UNINUCLEATE / LINES HOLLOW ORGANS (DIGESTIVE AND CNS)
Cardiac / CYLINDRICAL, STRIATED, BRANCHING, UNINUCLEATE / HEART

Review movement directions of skeletal system.

EXTENSION – FLEXION – HYPEREXTENSION

DORSIFLEXION – PLANTAR FLEXION

INVERSION - EVERSION

PRONATION – SUPINATION

ADDUCTION – ABDUCTION

ROTATION – LATERAL & MEDIAL

CIRCUMDUCTION

OPPOSITION (THUMB)