PLANT OF ATTACK
For the AP Biology Exam
Fiser AP Biology
Student Research/Self Study
TOPICS WE NEED TO REALLY UNDERSTAND:
Mader Ch 23: Plants come from green algae.(Campbell Ch 29/30)
Mader Ch 24: Roots, stems, and leaves work together. (C Ch 35)
Mader Ch 25: Mycorrhizae, Water transport, Stomata regulation (Campbell Chapter 36)(Campbell Chapter 37 is Nutrition)
Mader Ch 26: Cell Communication; Ethylene; Phototropism; Photoperiodism; Immune Responses (Campbell Chapter 39)
Mader Ch 27: Seed Germination (Campbell Chapter 38)
I. Effect of climate changes
COLLEGE BOARD ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
1.A.2.a.IE Environments change and act as selective mechanism on populations. IE: Flowering time in relation to global climate change.
4.C.2.b.IE An organism’s adaptation to the local environment reflects a flexible response of its genome. IE: Alterations in timing of flowering due to climate changes.
2.A.1.d.1.IE Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism. IE: Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
1___A.
2___B.
3___C. WATCH AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
4___D. EXPLAIN THE EFFECT CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HAVING ON FLOWERING TIMES:
5___E. READ THE FOLLOWING:
Plants can be damaged at temperature extremes when enzyme structures are altered or membranes change their properties. As many important enzymes that are involved in photosynthesis and respiration are embedded in plant membranes, extremes of temperature can be a major problem.
6.WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN ENZYMES LOOSE THEIR CONFORMATION DUE TO EXTREME TEMPERATURES?______
______
II. Seasons, night-length and plants.
2.A.1.d.2.IE Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability. IE: Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants; Life-history strategy (biennial plants)
2.A.1.f.IE Changes in free energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem. IE Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels; Change in energy resources level such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels.
2.C.2.a.IE Organisms respond to changes in their external environments. Organisms respond to changes in their environments through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. IE: Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants.
2.E.2.a.1 In plants, physiological events involve interactions between environmental stimuli and internal molecular signals. Phototropism, or the response to the presence of light.
2.E.2.a.2 Photoperiodism, or the response to change in length of the night, that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants.
2.E.3.b.1 In phototropism in plants, changes in the light source lead to differential growth, resulting in maximum exposure of leaves to light for photosynthesis.
2.E.3.b.2 Inphotoperiodism in plants, changes in the length of night regulate flowering and preparation for winter.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
7____ A.
8____ B. (LIFE CYCLE PORTION ONLY)
9____C. COMPARE ANNUAL, BINENNIAL, AND PERINNIAL PLANTS. WHEN DO THEY FLOWER AND HOW IS THIS RELATED TO THEIR UTILIZATION OF ENERGY?
READ AND TAKE NOTES FROM BOOKS:
10.D. ___ Mader Book phototropism P. 483
11.E. ___ Mader Book photoperiodism p. 486-487
12.F. ___ Campbell book p. 806-807 Photoperiodism
VIEW THE FOLLOWING ANIMATION:
13.G. ___
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEOS
14.H. ___
15.I.____
16.J. ______FILL IN THE FOLLOWING WORKSHEETS
Worksheets from Nicole Cabase, Diamond Bar HS, Diamond Bar, CA
______
III. Water Transport in Plants
2.A.3.a.3.IE Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding. IE: Cohesion and Adhesion
2.A.3.b.1IE As cells increase in volume, the relative surface are decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. IE: Root hairs
2.B.1.c Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments.
2.B.1.c.1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane.
4.A.4.a.IE Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities. IE: Root, stem, leaf
4.A.4.b.IE Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities. IE: Plant vascular and leaf.
4.B.2.a.2 Organisms have areas or compartments that perform a subset of functions related to energy and matter, and these parts contribute to the whole. Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the overall functioning of the organism.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
17.A. ___Mader page 437. Root hairs described top right of page.
18.B. ___Campbell p. 744-745 Roots, Mycorrhize
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
19.C. ___MaderP 464-466 Water Transport
20.D. ___Campbell p. 739 diagram (GREAT)
21.E. ___Campbell p. 748 Cohesion
22.F. ______Label the following diagram and explain the overview of transport in a vascular plant. Campbell p. 739
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO: (THIS WILL HELP WITH THIS UNIT’S INVESTIGATION LAB)
Bozeman Biology on the Transpiration Lab:
23.G. ___
24.H. ____Label the diagram and use it to explain how water potential affects transport of nutrients and minerals through vascular plants. Campbell p. 748
25. I. ___ View animation on transpiration:
26. J.___LOOK AND READ: Diagram Mader p. 69;
27. K.-----LOOK AND READ: Diagram Cellulose as polysaccharide: Mader p. 43
28. L. Label the parts of a flower in the following diagram: Campbell p. 713
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
29.M.___ Read page 434-435 Section on Roots, Stems, and Leaves
30. N.___ Campbell page 713-716
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IV. Feedback
2.C.1.a.IENegative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point. IE: Plant responses to water limitations.
2.C.1.b.IE Positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms. The variable initiating the response is moved farther away from the initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the stimulus is further activated which, in turn, initiates an additional response that produces system change. IE: Ripening of fruit.
2.D.2.c.IE Homeostatic control system in species of microbes, plants and animals support common ancestory. IE Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants.
2.D.2.b.IE Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes. IE: Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
31.A. ___LOOK AND READ: Pictures Mader p. 463. Wilted and Turgid
32.B. ___ Mader p. 466: Opening and closing of stomata.
33.C. ___ Campbell p. 749-751 Stomata: water and gas regulation
34.D. ___ Campbell p. 810-812 Environmental stresses
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
35.E. ---- Mader p. 480-481 Ethylene
36.A. ---- Campbell p. 799 Ethylene
View and take notes on the following videos.
36.B. ___
36.C. ____
______
V: Immunity
2.D.4.a.IE Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific immune responses. IE: Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects.
3.D.2.b.IE Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. IE: Plant immune response.
READ AND TAKE CHAPTER NOTES:
37.A. ___ Mader p. 488-489
38.B. ___ Campbell p. 812-815
39.C. ___ Campbell p. 788-790 Plant cell communication
40.D. ___ Cell communication page 474
41.A. ___ Campbell p. 797 Gibberellins
_
41.B.Complete the following figure, and explain what it is showing.
41.C Complete the following figure and explain what it is showing. 7 steps Campbell page 815.
______
VI. Cell Communication
2.E.1.b.3 Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. Temperature and the availability of water determine seed germination in most plants.
3.B.2.a.IE Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression. IE: Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. IE: Seed germination.
2.E.1.c.IE Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role in the normal development and differentiation. IE: Flower development.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
42.A. ___ Mader p. 504 Seed Germination
43.B. ___ Campbell p. 798 Gibberellins and seed germination
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEOS:
44.C. ___ Video on seed germination
45.D. ___ Bozeman Biology Hormone video:
46. E. ___ Interesting seed footage with and without hormone.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
47. F. ___ Campbell p. 800 Apoptosis:Programmed cell death
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
48. G. ___
VII. CHROMOSOMES
3.C.1.c.1 Changes in chromosome number often result in new phenotypes, including, including sterility caused by triploidy and increase vigor of other polyploids.
1.C.2.b Speciation can occur rapidly through mechanisms such as polyploidy.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
49. A. ___ Mader P. 397 polyploidy of plants
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
AUTOPLOIDY
50. B. ___
______
VIII. MUTUALISM:
2.E.3.b.4.IE Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations. IE: Mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhizae.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
51. A. ___ Mader p. 461; 442; 404-405
52. B. ___ Campbell p. 766-767 Mycorrhizae
WATCH AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
53. C. ___
Now look at picture Campbell page 610.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
3.E.1.b.IE Communication occurs through various mechanisms. Living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success. IE: Coloration in flowers.
4.C.2.a.IE Environmental factors influence many traits both directly and indirectly. IE: Flower color based on soil pH; Density of plant hairs as a function of herbivory.
READ AND TAKE NOTES:
University of Georgia:
College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Hydrangea blooms turn colors based on soil pH levels
54. A. ____
READ AND TAKE NOTES: Paragraph from Book:
55. B. ____ Leaf Trichome Formation and Plant Resistance to Herbivory