A Community Pharmacy

A Community Pharmacy

A pharmacy is a place where medicines are compounded and dispensed. There are different terms applied to this place: in the UK, for example, people call it a chemist's shop, in the USA - a drugstore. Nowadays a pharmacy has become a multi-functional institution where one can buy not only various medications, but also medical devices and appliances, cosmetics, candies, troches and even bath accessories.

In every city, there are two types of pharmacies: an average pharmacy and one, which is open after normal closing hours or on holidays (the so called “Pharmacy on duty”).

In an average community pharmacy, there are two departments: a non-prescription department with a self-service form of catering, where one can have some medicines right away, and a prescription department, where medicaments such as ointments, tinctures, and lotions must be ordered beforehand. All the pharmaceuticals can be divided into prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) ones. A prescription pharmaceutical can be dispensed only with a prescription or an order for medication.

A working day at a state pharmacy usually starts at 8 a.m. and lasts until 7 or 8 p.m. Several consultant pharmacists work here. Every pharmacist has a number of professional responsibilities such as patient education and counseling, recognition, prevention and management of drug interactions, dosage adjustment, preventive services, etc. Therefore, a registered pharmacist must possess skills, knowledge and understanding of basic principles, which allow him to dispense safe, accurate and appropriate drugs for the customers.

Nowadays, prescription medications may be dispensed to customers only by a registered pharmacist. Usually, the procedure of dispensing is the following:

-a patient presents the prescription to a pharmacist or a technician;

-if the drug is available at the moment, the pharmacist consults the patient on its directions for use, dosage, contraindications and side effects.

In case a customer presents a prescription for compounding a medication, the technician makes sure if all the ingredients are available.

For compounding medications, a community pharmacy must have proper equipment such as a hot plate, a sink, an autoclave, electric mixers, special containers for packaging, funnels and beakers of various sizes, filter paper, etc.

Compounding of any prescription medicament and dispensing of drugs is controlled by the state board of pharmacy.

Essential vocabulary to the text:

1. to compound – готовить по прописи
2. to dispense – отпускать (товар)
3. a multifunctional institution – многофункциональное заведение
4. medicaldevicesandappliances – медицинские приборы и оборудование
5. troches – леденцы
6. average – обычный, стандартный
7. catering – обслуживание
8. right away – сразу
9. ointment – мазь
10. tincture – настойка
11. lotion – лосьон
12. beforehand – заранее
13. a pharmaceutical – фармацевтический препарат
14. over-the-counter (OTC)– безрецептурный
15. patienteducationandcounseling – обучение пациентов и предоставление консультаций
16. recognition, preventionandmanagementofdruginteractions – распознавание, предотвращение и лечение последствий лекарственных взаимодействий
17. dosage adjustment – установление дозировки
18. preventive service – профилактическаяслужба
19. a registered pharmacist – лицензированныйфармацевт
20. atechnician – техник, младший персонал в аптеке
21. be available- иметься в наличии
22. directionsforuse, dosage, contraindications andsideeffects – указания по применению, дозировка, противопоказания и побочные эффекты
23. proper equipment – надлежащее оборудование
24. a hot plate – нагревательная плита
25. a sink – раковина
26. an autoclave – автоклав
27. funnels – воронки
28. beakers –мензурки
29. filter paper – фильтровальная бумага
30. compounding – изготовление лекарства
31. thestateboardofpharmacy – государственный совет по вопросам фармации

«Chelyabinskstatemedicalacademy»

Эта тема составляется студентами самостоятельно

с использованием следующей лексики:

1. Academy: to enter the Academy; to be admitted to the Ac;
2. to study at the Academy; to graduate from the Ac.
3. to be founded (on the 1st of July 1944)
4. The Medical Faculty; the Pediatric Faculty (1970);
5. The Nurse's Faculty (1996); stomatologic F; medico-prophylactic F.
6. Department (49); the Head of the Department; Anatomy Department;
   Department of Foreign Languages; Surgery Department etc.
7. to be located (the main building of the Academy; the Morphological
   building)
8. Central Research Laboratory (1978)
9. The staff of the Institute includes teachers, clinicians and scientific
   investigators.
10. Subjects: general, clinical, pre-clinical, theoretical.
11. A first-year curriculum includes.
12. to attend post-graduate courses
13. a first (second, third) year student, a Junior student, a senior student, a post-graduite student, a fellow-student.
14. Higher School; to get a higher education
15. to complete subinternship
16. a general practitioner
17. to work in the field of
18. to be a member of students Scientific Society

Для того чтобы составить тему, вы можете опираться на следующие вопросы:

1. Where do you study at?
2. Where is it located? How many buildings does your Academy occupy?
3. How many faculties are there in your Academy? What faculty are you
   in?
4. Who is the Head of Anatomy (Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry)
   Department?
5. Who is the Rector of the Academy?
6. What can you say about the Staff of the Academy?
7. How many departments has the Academy?
8. When did you enter the MedicalAcademy?
9. When will you graduate from the Academy?
10. Is it difficult to get a higher medical education?
11. What subjects does a first-year curriculum include?
12. In what 3 main clinical subjects do students get more experience?
13. Haw many years does the course of studies last?

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

Throughout the 20th century the quality of medical care has been transformed. Diagnosis of medical conditions has been enhanced by ultrasound, computerized axial tomography (CAT, or CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the endoscope. Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive substances combined with imaging techniques.

Nuclear medicine is considered pain-free, safer and more cost-effective than many other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy. It is used to diagnose and treat injury or disease, such as sports injuries, heart disease, cancer, and other diseases.

In the 1970s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology transformed the field of nuclear medicine. In current medical practice, MRI is preferred for detecting the narrowing of blood vessels. It can show the spread of cancer cells to bone and a degenerative brain disorder.

To produce an image, a patient is given (by mouth or injection) a radioactive substance that is chemically drawn to the site of the problem—a specific organ, bony structure, or tissue. MRI is risk free except for patients with cardiac pacemakers or patients with inner ear transplants.

Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical technology that uses X- rays and computers to produce three-dimensional images of the human body. Doctors analyze the detailed views of the body's soft tissues, such as blood vessels, muscle tissue, organs, the brain. CT is also commonly used to diagnose disorders involving the chest, abdomen, spine, and pelvis. CT may be used to determine the location and size of a cancerous tumor. The patient may be asked to drink a liquid that makes internal organs more clearly visible in the CT scan.

Another medical diagnostic technique is Ultrasound Imaging, in which very high frequency sound is directed into the body. Ultrasound can be used to examine many parts of the body, the best application is in obstetrics. It is used to diagnose both the age and health of the developing fetus. It is used to detect tumors, damage, or abnormalities in the liver, kidney, ovaries, eyes, and other organs.

Ultrasound examination of the heart is known as echocardiography. Echocardiography is used to study congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, tumors of the heart and other cardiac disorders. Doppler ultrasound is used to measure the flow of a liquid, for example blood flow.

Vocabulary:

1. To be enhanced by ... - улучшаться....
2. Ultrasound - ультразвук
3. computerized axial tomography (CAT, or CT) - компьютернаятомография
4. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - ядерно-магнитно-резонанснаятомография(магнитныйрезонанс, ядерныймагнитныйрезонанс, магнитнаярезонансная[магнитно-резонансная] томография, ядерно-спиноваятомография, ЯМР-интроскопия, ЯМР-томография)
5. nuclearmedicine - ядерная медицина
6. to be considered pain-free - считатьсябезболезненным
7. cost-effective – недорогостоящий, экономный
8. toproduceanimage - чтобы сделать снимок, изображение
9. to draw to the site of the problem— вводитьвпроблемноеместо
10. exceptfor - за исключением
11. cardiacpacemaker - электронный стимулятор сердца, водитель ритма
12. Х- rays - рентгеновские лучи
13. three-dimensionalimages - трёхмерные изображения
14. to determine a cancerous tumor - выявитьраковуюопухоль
15. more clearly visible in ...- болеечетковидныпри...
16. high frequency sound - звуквысокойчастоты
17. fetus – плод
18. tostudycongenitaldisease - изучить врожденное заболевание

Environmental Medicine.

A man can live without food for weeks and without water for days, but he can live without air for only a few minutes. Accordingly, air is the most vital resource. In the last few decades contamination is producing concentrations that are harmful to men, animals and plants.

Besides man's activities are reducing the world supply of green plants which are the only sources of oxygen.

The problem of air pollution is of great social importance. Russia scientists have established that there is a definite correlation between the degree of air pollution and rates of incidence and death from bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer.

Water pollution is considered to be perhaps an ever greater hazard to health than air pollution. Water pollution means contamination of surface or ground water supplies by sewage industrial wastes or garbage and other refuse. Water pollution becomes not only an esthetic problem for men but an economic and medical one as well. Bacterial and viral contamination is a threat for the spread of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, cholera and hepatitis.

One of the more recently "discovered" pollutants in the modern environment is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most significant environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircrafts, trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at work. Noise can cause the heart to beat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate, and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. Noise puts our nerves "on edge" so that our personal relationships are strained and often explosive, it interferes with our concentration and impairs the efficient functioning of our minds.

Vast radioactive contamination has become a global ecological problem. During four decades of nuclear materials production and processing in the Mayak nuclear plant millions of tons of radioactive wastes were discharged into local rivers and lakes/ In 1957 after a nuclear accident in Kyshtym radioactive substances were emitted into the atmosphere. In 1967 there was an accident at the same nuclear plant and it means that the same areas suffered from contamination once again. Epidemiological studies of the exposed population showed increased morbidity rate in leukemia and other oncologic conditions as well as other communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Vocabulary:

1. themostvitalresource – главный жизненный источник
2. contamination – загрязнение
3. man's activities – деятельность человека
4. the only source - единственный источник
5. correlation – взаимосвязь, соотношение
6. surfaceorgroundwater – поверхностные и грунтовые воды
7. sewage –сточные воды
8. industrial wastes – отходы промышленного производства
9. garbage – отбросы, гниющий мусор
10. refuse – отбросы, остатки, мусор
11. waterbornediseases – заболевание, передающиеся через воду
12. dweller – житель, обитатель
13. buffet – удар, наносить удары, ударять
14. pupil- зрачок
15. dilate- расширяться
16. strain – натяжение, распад, раскол
17. explosive – взрывчатый, вспыльчивый
18. interfere – вмешиваться, мешать чему-либо
19. nuclear - ядерный
20. accident – авария
21. emit – выбрасывать
22. exposedpollution – (здесь облученное население)
23. morbidity rate – заболеваемость (уровень)
24. communicable disease – инфекционное заболевание

International cooperation in medicine

International cooperation in medicine is very important because there are medical problems that individual countries cannot solve by themselves. For example, control of such communicable diseases as hepatitis, ТВ, influenza or AIDS, or development of methods to eradicate some non-communicable diseases, which are considered killers number I nowadays. They are cardiovascular diseases, oncological conditions, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and so on.

To coordinate all these issues World Health Organization (WHO) was founded in 1948. Now about 180 countries are the members of WHO. The Headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland) and the European Office of WHO is in Copenhagen (Denmark). WHO is responsible for the world health problems.

This international organization has a number of objectives:

•To assist government to strengthen health services

•To provide information in the field of health

•To promote research in the field of medicine

•To stimulate the eradication of epidemic, endemic and other
diseases

•To promote improved nutrition, housing, sanitation, working
conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene

•To develop international standards for biological and
pharmaceutical products

One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings. Such epidemic diseases as cholera and yellow fever are still a great danger in our time. WHO informs the national health services about the outbreaks of viral diseases (for example, SARS -sudden acute respiratory syndrome or bird flu) so that the nations could take measures to prevent the spread of these often deadly viruses.

The responsibility for the world's health goes beyond specific disease control. It ranges from maternal and child health care and prevention of injuries to improved financing of health services and provision of essential drugs.

Thanks to the achievements of WHO the health status and life span of the world population have improved.

United Kingdom Medical Education

Medical education in the UK includes educational activities in training of medical doctors, from entry-level training to continuing education of qualified specialists. Medical school in the UK generally refers to a department within a university involved in the education of future medical practitioners.

Admissions:

In the UK students usually begin their medical studies without any preliminary higher education typically at the age of 18 or 19. Entry to British medical schools is very competitive. The medical education takes five years which consist of 2 years of preclinical training in an academic environment and 3 years of clinical training at a teaching hospital. Medical schools and teaching hospitals are closely integrated.

Applications for entry into medical school are made through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service. Applicants are allowed to apply for four places for medical courses at different universities. Most UK medical schools also require applicants to sit additional entrance tests such as the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test.

Curriculum:

Traditionally the delivery of medical education has been divided into two types: problem-based learning (PBL) and lecture based teaching. PBL encourages the students to work in groups (10 students) on solving clinical and ethical cases with little input from tutors in the form of lectures. PBL was introduced into the UK medical school curriculum because medical students were required to learn unnecessary scientific subjects instead of clinical practical ones. But there is an opinion that PBL is more suitable for teaching graduate students as they can benefit from it due to basic knowledge of academic subjects (Anatomy, Physiology), and unsuitable for less able students and undergraduates.

Traditional or Lecture-based Learning (LBL):

More traditional courses are conducted in the form of lectures, which are divided into preclinical or theoretical teaching (Anatomy, Physiology, and Microbiology) and clinical teaching (communication, diagnosis, etc.). There is the need for balance between PBL and LBL.

Graduation:

Graduating from the medical school all students receive the Bachelor of Science Degree. If they spend an additional year studying clinical subjects they are offered Masters Degree. After graduation they work for another year under high supervision and cannot legally practice independently. A doctor’s further training may include such fields as Pediatrics, Obstetrics or General practice, etc.

Vocabulary:

1. educational activities – образовательная деятельность
2. entry-level training – подготовительный уровень
3. continuing education – дополнительное образование
4. preliminaryhighereducation – предварительное высшее образование
5. competitive – конкурсный
6. academic environment – аудиторные занятия
7. applicationsforentry – заявления на поступление
8. applicant – кандидат
9. tositentrancetests – проходить вступительные экзамены
10. ClinicalAptitudeTest – тест на пригодность к медицинской профессии
11. deliveryofmedicaleducation – проведение обучения медицинским предметам
12. withlittleinputfromtutors – без особой помощи со стороны преподавателей
13. graduate students – студенты старшего курса
14. undergraduate students – студенты
15. Bachelorofsciencedegree – степень Бакалавра естественных наук
16. Masters degree – степень Магистра
17. underhighsupervision – под пристальным наблюдением

Medical Education in the USA

The United States has 144 medical schools. Of those, 125 award a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree and 19 award a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO).

Preparation for a career as a physician in the USA is long and demanding. It usually takes 11 years of study after high school to become a physician. The training typically includes four years of premedical study at a college or university; four years of medical school; and three years of advanced training in a residency. The exact length of study varies. Acceptance into a medical school requires excellent college grades, high scores on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), good letters of recommendation, and a personal interview with school officials.

Premedical students usually take some courses in biology, chemistry, biochemistry, mathematics and physics. Many premedical students gain practical experience by taking summer jobs or volunteer positions in hospitals, clinics, or research laboratories.

Education of a physician does not end with medical school graduation. New physicians must pass an examination for a state license to practice. Many then go into postgraduate education. MDs take a residency that lasts from one to seven years. DOs take an internship, which may be followed by a residency. During postgraduate education, physicians treat patients under the supervision of more experienced doctors. This postgraduate training usually takes place in a hospital or clinic.

To be recognized as a specialist in a particular field, a physician must pass a special examination and become board-certified. Physicians earn a certificate from the American Board of Medical Specialties. This organization in Atlanta, Georgia, oversees the certification process.

New vocabulary:

1. to award a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree - присуждатьстепеньДокторамедицины
2. Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree – степеньДоктора остеопатии
3. high school – средняя школа
4. premedical study – домедицинское обучение
5. a residency - ординатура
6. acceptanceintoaschool – принятие (поступление) в школу
7. to require excellent grades – требоватьотличныхоценок
8. highscores – высокие баллы
9. to gain experience – приобретать опыт
10. astatelicense – государственная лицензия
11. an internship - интернатура
12. treat under the supervision –лечить поднаблюдением
13. toberecognizedasaspecialist – быть признанным в качестве специалиста
14. tobecomeboard-certified – стать сертифицированным специалистом
15. American Board – Американский комитет
16. to oversee the certification process – надзирать за процессом сертифицирования

The National Health Service (NHS) in England

The NHS came into being on July 5, 1948. It was designed to improve mental and physical health and to provide prevention, diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. Similar services operate in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Everybody in Great Britain can use the NHS because roost of the cost of health care is paid through general taxation and National Insurance system. About 97% of the whole population in G. В is using the system.

The majority of General practitioners and specialists take part in the service. There are also certain hospitals which take private patients who pay the full cost of their- accommodation and treatment. Many overseas patients come to Britain for treatment in private hospitals, clinics and internationally recognized centres of medical consultancy.

The public is free to use the NHS or private sector of the service. Professional attention of a family doctor is available to everyone in G R Patients .may choose the doctor they wish, they may change him Doctors have the same freedom to accept or refuse patients