Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins
Edited by Andreas Herrmann & Sybille Schumann
Co-edited byLadislav Holko, Ian Littlewood, Laurent Pfister, Piet Warmerdam & Ulrich Schröder
IAHS Publ. 336(2010)ISBN 978-1-907161-08-7, 316 + xii pp. Price £65.00
/Abstracts of the papers in this volume can be seen at:
Only in well-defined small basins with high-quality measurements can the complexities of combined physical, chemical and biological processes be adequately investigated. Small hydrological research basins provide interdisciplinary observatories, thus contributing to the study of the impact of environmental changes and to developing strategies for water and land-use management under such change.
This volume, the Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, in spring 2009 focuses on:
- Presently operational small research basins
- Fundamental hydrological research results drawn from small basins
- Hydrological processes
- Importance of small basindata and results for hydrological modelling
Contents
Preface by Andreas Herrmann & Sybille Schumann / vPLENARY SESSIONS
1 / Presently Operated Small Hydrological ResearchBasins; 60 Years of Hydrological Measurements in the BramkeResearchBasinHistory and present status of small hydrological research basins Andreas Herrmann & Sybille Schumann / 3
60 years of the Bramke research basins: history, major hydrological results and perspectives Sybille Schumann & Andreas Herrmann / 11
The land-use history of the Lange Bramke catchments, Harz Mountains Michael Hauhs & Holger Lange / 19
Reconstruction of the land-use history of the Lange Bramke catchment from 1530–1947 Michael Hauhs & Holger Lange / 24
A spatio-temporal modelling approach for assessment of management effects in forest catchments Bernd Ahrends, Henning Meesenburg, Claus Döring & Martin Jansen / 32
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment – the Vallcebre research basins (northeastern Spain). I. 20 years of investigation of hydrological dynamics
Jérôme Latron, Pilar Llorens, Montserrat Soler, RafaelPoyatos, Carles Rubio, Aleksandra Muzylo, NuriaMartínez-Carreras, Juliana Delgado, David Regüés,
Gusman Catari, Guillaume Nord & Francesc Gallart / 38
2 / Fundamental Hydrological Results Drawn from Studies in Small Basins
Fundamental hydrological research results drawn from studies in small catchments
Piet Warmerdam & Han Stricker / 47
Long-term water balance in the pre-alpine Rietholzbach catchment: First comparison of evapotranspiration estimates Irene Lehner, Adriaan J. Teuling, Joachim Gurtz &
Sonia I. Seneviratne / 54
Multi-annual discharge variability and trend analyses of the BelaRiver (Slovakia) in 1895–2006 Pavla Pekarova, Pavol Miklanek, Peter Skoda, Jan Pekar & Juraj Pacl / 59
Anthropogenic changes of water balance and runoff processes in a small low-mountain catchment Gregor Ollesch, Hermann John, Ralph Meissner & FridoReinstorf / 65
Land use change impacts on the hydrology of wet Andean páramo ecosystems
Patricio Crespo, Rolando Célleri, Wouter Buytaert, Jan Feyen, Vicente Iñiguez,
Pablo Borja & Bert de Bievre / 71
Hydrological behaviour of the granitic Strengbach catchment (Vosges massif, eastern France) during a flood event Daniel Viville, Gilles Drogue, Anne Probst, BernardLadouche, Samir Idir, Jean-Luc Probst & ThierryBariac / 77
Hydrological processes in mountains – knowledge gained in the Jalovecky Creek catchment, Slovakia Ladislav Holko & Zdenek Kostka / 84
Tracing runoff generation processes through different spatial scales in low and high mountain ranges Peter Chifflard, Robert Kirnbauer, Harald Zepp, Nils Tilch,
Jens Didszun, BirgitZillgens, Andreas Schumann & Stefan Uhlenbrook / 90
Dynamics of soil moisture, subsurface flow and runoff in a small alpine basin
Daniele Penna, Marco Borga, Marco Sangati & Alberto Gobbi / 96
Trend assessment of deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry at the ICP-IM station Kosetice, Czech Republic Jaroslava Cervenkova & Milan Vana / 103
Evolution of urbanization in a small urban basin: DTM construction for hydrologic computation Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, José I. J. Rodrigues, Jorge M. R. Martins &
João L. M. P. de Lima / 109
Ecohydrological research in the German lowland catchment Kielstau Britta Schmalz & Nicola Fohrer / 115
Absorption of solar radiation and moist and dry convection in the Šumava Mountains Miroslav Tesař, Miloslav Šír & Ľubomír Lichner / 121
Streamflow response during rainfall events in a small forested catchment (Basque Country) Ane Zabaleta, Jesus Angel Uriarte & Iñaki Antigüedad / 125
3 / Hydrological Processes Knowledge Drawn from Studies in Small Basins
Modelling of flow processes using the isotope tracer 18O at two scales Martin Šanda, Jaromír Dušek, Tomáš Vogel, Michal Dohnal, David Zumr & Milena Císlerová / 133
Time resolution and hydrological characteristics in agricultural catchments
Johannes Deelstra, Hans Olav Eggestad, Arvo Iital, ViestursJansons & Line J. Barkved / 138
Factors controlling groundwater dynamics in a small protected basin
Maciej Lenartowicz / 144
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment – the Vallcebre research basins (northeastern Spain). II. Rainfall–runoff relationships and runoff processes
Jérôme Latron, Montserrat Soler, Pilar Llorens, GuillaumeNord & Francesc Gallart / 151
Bed load transport in an Alpine river after a high magnitude flood: results from the 2008 field campaign David Morche & Alexander Bryk / 157
4 / Importance of Hydrological Data and Results from Small Basins for Hydrological Modelling
Experience in modelling runoff formation processes at different scales using data of water-balance stations Olga M.Semenova / 167
Seasonal dynamics of streamflow and sediment transport in three research basins with different land cover Noemí Lana-Renault, Estela Nadal-Romero, Pilar Serrano-Muela, Jérôme Latron, David Regüés, JoséM.García-Ruiz & Carlos Martí-Bono / 173
A continuous rainfall–runoff model derived from investigations in a small experimental basin Luca Brocca, Silvia Barbetta, Florisa Melone & Tommaso Moramarco / 179
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment – the Vallcebre research basins(northeastern Spain). III.Vegetation and water fluxes Pilar Llorens, Rafael Poyatos, Aleksandra Muzylo, CarlesRubio, JérômeLatron,Juliana Delgado& FrancescGallart / 186
Simulation sediment hydrograph at Fayda and Al-Baqaq wadis in North Iraq using a watershed modelling system Thair Mahmood Al-Taiee & Anas Muhammad Mahmood / 192
WORKING GROUP SESSIONS
5 / Research on hydrological processes: which achievements are expected from research in small basins in the coming decades?
How can we create generalisable hypotheses from small basin studies? Laurent Pfister, Fabrizio Fenicia & Stefan Uhlenbrook / 201
Understanding the hydrology of tropical Andean ecosystems through an Andean Network of Basins Rolando Célleri, Wouter Buytaert, Bert De Bièvre, Conrado Tobón, Patricio Crespo, Jorge Molina & Jan Feyen / 209
Ten years of hydrological monitoring in upland microcatchments in the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic Jirka Pavlásek, Miroslav Tesař, Petr Máca, Radka Hanková, Kateřina Hudečková, Lukáš Jačka, Zbyněk Klose & JanaŘedinová / 213
Development of studies in small research basins in Russia and the most recent tasks Sergey A. Zhuravin & Mikhail L. Markov / 219
6 / What contribution to the monitoring and understanding of changes in physical processes, water fluxes, water balances and global warming effects is expected from hydrological small basins research?
Changes in the hydrographic network of a small catchment based on the example of River Płutnica (northern Poland) Roman Cieśliński / 227
Water quality of artificially drained small basins – global climate change perspectives Bernd Lennartz, Bärbel Tiemeyer, Petra Kahle & AlexanderBachor / 233
Retrospective and prospective evaluation of water budgets at Lange Bramke, Harz Mountains, Germany: effects of plant cover and climate change Henning Meesenburg, Johannes Sutmöller & Swen Hentschel / 239
Impact of climate change and human interference on the hydrology of small basins in Kerala, India Shadananan Nair / 245
Time series modelling in the Schaefertal catchment in the Lower Harz Mountains, central Germany Frido Reinstorf, Jürgen Tiedge, Judith Bauspiess, HermannJohn & Gregor Ollesch / 249
7 / What may be the scientific contribution to the PUB initiative and what is expected vice versa?
Catchment-scale rainfall–streamflow modelling: utility versus process understanding Ian G. Littlewood / 257
Improving perceptual and conceptual hydrological models using data from small basins Hilary McMillan, Martyn Clark, Ross Woods, MauriceDuncan, M. S. Srinivasan, Andrew Western & Dave Goodrich / 264
Heading for knowledge in a data scarce river basin: Kharaa, Mongolia Tobias Törnros & Lucas Menzel / 270
8 / Do we need research results from small basins for the further development of mathematical hydrological models?
Do we need research results from small basins for the furtherdevelopment of hydrological models? Keith Beven / 279
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment – the Vallcebre research basins (northeastern Spain). IV.Implementing and testing hydrological models
Francesc Gallart, Jérôme Latron, Pilar Llorens & J.García-Pintado / 286
Robust estimation of hydrological parameters in the context of flood forecasting in small catchments Thomas Krausse & Johannes Cullmann / 292
Calibration and uncertainty estimation of a distributed model in a small drainage basin in southeast Sweden Osvaldo Salazar, Abraham Joel & Ingrid Wesström / 299
Braunschweig Declaration – The need for a global network of long-term small hydrological research basins / 305
Author index / 309
Key word index / 311
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 3-10.
History and present status of small hydrological research basins
ANDREAS HERRMANN & SYBILLE SCHUMANN
Institute of Geoecology, Department of Hydrology and Landscape Ecology, Technical University Braunschweig,
Langer Kamp 19c, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
AbstractIt is shown that milestones in the development of hydrological small basin research are facilitated by the launching of the international programmes IHD, IHP, FRIEND and ERB. The history, main strategies and objectives of these programmes are displayed, and their contributions to the progress in hydrological knowledge and capacity development are outlined. High value is attributed to the documentation of existing study basins. Easily accessible inventories and the networking among basin operators and scientists are shown to be a decisive step towards the efficient use of the acquired knowledge.
Key words small research basins;small basin research programmes and networks; IHD; IHP; FRIEND; ERB;
small basin inventories; research concepts
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 11-18.
60 years of the Bramke research basins: history, major hydrological results and perspectives
SYBILLE SCHUMANN & ANDREAS HERRMANN
Institute of Geoecology, Department of Hydrology and Landscape Ecology, Technical University Braunschweig,
Langer Kamp 19c, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
AbstractThe history of the Lange Bramke catchment, the longest operated small hydrological research basin in Germany, is summarized on the occasion of its 60th anniversary with a focus on the research history, the main research projects run in the catchment and their protagonists. The major hydrological results obtained in the Lange Bramke catchment are briefly outlined, while focusing on presenting an overview with respective references. It is shown that the operation of long-term hydrological research catchments, resulting in long-term high-quality measurements and data series, is fundamental for scientific progress in hydrology and for the characterisation of environmental changes.
Key words Lange Bramke; Upper Harz research basins (Oberharzer Versuchsgebiete);
ICA (Integrated Catchment Approach); runoff formation process; tracer hydrology; environmental isotopes;
groundwater; climate change; water balance studies; hydrological methodology
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 19-23.
The land use history of the Lange Bramke catchments, Harz mountains
Michael Hauhs1& Holger Lange2
1Ecological Modelling, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
2Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, N-1431 Ǻs, Norway
AbstractThe Lange Bramke catchment has been investigated as a monitored catchment for 60 years. However, its utilization history even dates back to medieval times, and is well documented in part. The intense interplay between ore mining, forestry, and water resources exploitation left remains such as scoriae piles and modified forest growth, e.g. due to local pollution at smelter locations. It is demonstrated that considering local land use history is important for a proper understanding and interpretation of modern monitoring data. A theoretical framework is proposed for the integration of the two data sources. This requires a joint approach combining two modelling paradigms, the functional one dominating in current ecosystem research, and an interactive one which best characterizes the human–environment relationship in historic times.
Key words Harz Mountains; mining; land use; forestry; human-environment relationship; interactive models
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 24-31.
Reconstruction of the land use history of the Lange Bramke catchment from 1530–1947
Michael Hauhs1Holger Lange2
1Ecological Modelling, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
2Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Høgskoleveien 8, N-1431 Ǻs, Norway
Abstract The utilization history of the Lange Bramke catchment and the northern Harz mountains is dominated by ore mining. Historical documents were used to provide ample evidence that forestry and water utilization were managed according to administrative goals in a largely centralized manner. However, the perception of the landscape and its function and purpose have changed significantly over the centuries. In particular, the distinction between renewable (such as forests) and non-renewable resources (such as ore deposits) is a rather modern one, as is the principle of sustainability. This change in perception is apparent from the type of maps used, the different conflicts on property and exploitation rights, and the request for quantitative inventories of resources, appearing only quite late in the mining history. The remnants of smelters and charcoal production still demonstrate the importance of historical land use for proper interpretation of monitoring data.
Key words Harz Mountains; land use history; landscape perception; mining; sustainability
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 32-37.
A spatio-temporal modelling approach for assessment of management effects in forest catchments
BERND AHRENDS1, HENNING MEESENBURG2, CLAUS DÖRING1
MARTIN JANSEN1
1Büsgen Institute – Department of Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems,
Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
2NorthwestGermanForest Research Station, Grätzelstr. 2, D-37079 Göttingen, Germany
Abstract High atmospheric inputs of nitrogen (N) during the last decades have caused an increase in NO3- leaching from forest soils in many European regions. In three research basins in the Upper Harz Mountains N output with stream water shows a clear increase until 1985 and a decline since then. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new spatio-temporal modelling approach (ForNic) and to assess the effects of forest management on N turnover in three small catchments in the Upper Harz Mountains with contrasting management activities in the past. Modelled time series of N output agreed satisfyingly with observed differences in N output between the three catchments. We conclude that the simple mass balance approach in combination with spatio-temporal parameterization of input parameters is useful to describe the dynamics of N retention and N output during forest development and the effects of forest management.
Key words dynamic modelling; N retention; N deposition; N saturation; nitrate leaching; risk assessment
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 38-44.
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment – the Vallcebre research basins (northeastern Spain). I. 20 years of investigation of hydrological dynamics
JÉRÔME LATRON1, PILAR LLORENS1, MONTSERRAT SOLER1, RAFAELPOYATOS2, CARLES RUBIO3,4, ALEKSANDRA MUZYLO1, NURIAMARTÍNEZ-CARRERAS5,JULIANA DELGADO1, DAVID REGÜÉS6, GUSMAN CATARI1, GUILLAUME NORD1& FRANCESC GALLART1
1Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
2School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
3Dept Agri-Food Engineering and Biotechnology (UPC), Castelldefels, Spain
4Lab-Ferrer, Dept Environmental biophysics and Soils, Cervera, Spain
5Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
6Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Campus de Aula Dei, Apdo 202, E-50080, Zaragoza, Spain
Abstract Investigations started 20 years ago in the Vallcebre research basins with the objective of better understanding the hydrological functioning of Mediterranean mountain basins. The Vallcebre basins are located in a Mediterranean mountain area of the Pyrenean ranges (northeastern Spain). Average annual precipitation is 862 ± 206 mm and potential evapotranspiration is 823 ± 26 mm. Climate is highly seasonal, leading to periods with water deficit in summer and, on occasion, in winter. Hydrological research in the basins is related to rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, soil moisture spatio-temporal dynamics, runoff response and runoff processes, suspended sediment dynamics and model application at both the plot and basin scales. Findings obtained over the last two decades have shown that, due to their intermediate position between drier and wetter climatic areas, the Vallcebre basins have a particular hydrological dynamic, which is specific to Mediterranean mountain areas.
Key words Mediterranean mountains; hydrological dynamics; research basins; Vallcebre
Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). IAHS Publ. 336, 2010, 47-53.
Fundamental hydrological research results drawn from studies in small catchments
PIET WARMERDAM & HAN STRICKER
Centre for Water and Climate, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University,
PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract The history of research in small experimental and representative catchments in the 20th century is briefly described, in particular with regard to water quantity experiments. The early studies up to about the 1960s dealt with impacts of forest cover on runoff volumes and peak flow rates, but did not explain why catchments responded as they did. Stimulated by the IHD of UNESCO, from the 1960s numerous small research catchments have been set up for process studies to enhance the understanding of the hydrological behaviour of catchments. Although initially only precipitation and runoff could be measured, the technological developments in the 1970s opened the road for collecting time series of actual evaporation and soil moisture estimates. Many catchments studies have been conducted on runoff generation using, e.g. isotope information of the various flow components contributing to flood events. These and many other studies in small experimental and representative catchments have contributed much to a better understanding of the hydrological processes and to improved hydrological modelling.