NAME:
Regents Biology
Homework Packet
Unit 12: Circulation and Immunity
- Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.
- (1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.
- Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.
- The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5.
Chapter 33: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Read pgs. 946 – 962
Vocabulary
p. 948 Vocab (10)
p. 954 Vocab (7)
p. 953 #1b, 2a, 3a
p 961 #1a, 2b
Regents Review
pgs. 972 – 975
#1, 3, 8 – 20, 26
Chapter 35: Immune System and Disease
Read pgs. 1008 – 1034
Vocabulary
p. 1010 Vocab (5)
p. 1014 Vocab (9)
p. 1020 Vocab (3)
p. 1024 (2)
p. 1013 #1b, 2c, 3
p. 1019 #2a, 2b
p. 1022 #1a, 3b
p. 1027 #1a, 2b, 3a, 3b
Regents Review
pgs. 1030 – 1033
#1 - 30
Adaptations of Transport
Human Circulatory System
The human circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients and wastes around the body
Two pumps (in a single heart) –
one pumps ______blood to the lungs
the other pumps ______blood to all the other organs and tissues of the body.
Red blood cells are shaped like round plates that are indented in the middle. Red blood cells are produced in ______marrow. ______carries oxygen to the cells
Platelets are involved in ______.
White blood cells ______.
Plasma carries _____ and ______
Arteries muscular tubes used for carrying blood ______from the heart
Veins carry blood back to the heart. They have ______to stop the back flow of blood
Capillaries – site of material exchange between cells and the blood. Capillaries are microscopic – ______thick to allow for diffusion
Exchanges Between Blood and Cells
With rare exceptions, our blood does not come into direct contact with the cells it nourishes. As blood enters the capillaries surrounding a tissue space, a large fraction of it is filtered into the tissue space. It is this interstitial or extracellular fluid (ECF / Lymph) that brings to cells all of their requirements and takes away their products. The number and distribution of capillaries is such that probably no cell is ever farther away than 50 µm from a capillary.
Color the diagram to show the flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Know the Terms
Match the word to the proper definition
a. artery b. arteriole c. atriumd. capillary e. cardiac
f. diastole g. hemoglobinh. pacemakeri. pericardium j. systole
k. pulsel. vein m. venule
___ 1. carries blood toward heart
___ 2. period of heart relaxation
___ 3. small artery
___ 4. referring to the heart
___ 5. chamber of the heart
___ 6. small vein
___ 7. period of heart contraction
___ 8. membrane around the heart
___ 9. carries blood away from heart
___ 10. smallest blood vessel
Use the following words to complete the paragraphs.
waterglobulinerythrocytesantibodiesplasma
albuminformed elementsleukocytesbloodfibrinogen
lymphocytespathogensinterferonplateletsmacrophage
______(1) is a liquid tissue that transports dissolved and suspendedmaterials. It is composed of two parts, the ______(2), or liquid part, andthe ______(3). The liquid part consists of 90 percent ______(4) and 7 percentprotein. The most abundant protein ______(5), which regulatesosmosis. ______(6) helps clot blood, while most ______(7) is involved infighting infection.
______(8) carry oxygen to the tissues of the body using a substancecalled ______(9). ______(10) are defenders of the body, while other whiteblood cells called ______(11) produce antibodies. ______(12) are small cellfragments that aid in blood clotting.
During times of infection, disease-causing organisms called ______(13)invade the body. lf they invade the body, the second line of defenseincludes the protein ______(14). The third line of defense, whichproduces ______(15), is called the immune system.
Understand the Concepts
1. What is the purpose of a circulatory system?
2. Explain transport in protists.
3. Why don't one-celled and simple multicellular animals need a circulatory system?
4. Distinguish between an open and a closed circulatory system.
5. Starting with the right atrium, list in order the flow of blood through the human heart.
6. Distinguish between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
7. What would happen if the coronary artery became blocked?
8. How do the pulmonary arteries differ from all the other arteries of the body?
9. What is indicated by an excess of white blood cells in the blood?
10. What problems might you have if you had no platelets in your blood?
11. Compare active and passive immunity.
12. What happens if someone gets a transfusion of the wrong blood type?
13. How can blood clotting be bad?
14. Why is it that you can't get some diseases twice?
15. What type of cell does the AIDS virus destroy?
16. Which blood types are considered universal donors? universal recipients?
17. Explain allergies.
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
1. What happens to blood each time the heart beats?
2. Which of the four chambers of the heart performs the most work? How can you support this conclusion?
3. Explain the function of a heart valve?
4. What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?
5. What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
6. Compare and contrast the aorta and the vena cava.
1. What is an antigen?
2. What is an antibody?
3. What determines the blood type of a person?
4. If you are blood type A, what kind of antigens and antibodies do you have in your body?
5. If you have type A blood, why would it be dangerous to have a transfusion of type B blood?
6. Compare and contrast type AB and type O blood.
7. Why must a person with type O blood receive a transfusion only from a donor who also has type O blood?
8. Why is a person with type O blood called the universal donor and a person with type AB blood called the universal receiver?
Blood Type / Antigen / Blood Cell / Antibody / Donate to: / Receive from:A
B
AB
O
Choose the best answer and write the answer on the blank.
Use the choices a – i to answer questions 1 – 10.
a. allergyb. antigen c. anti-b antibodies
d. aortic archese. histamine f. pericardium
g. plasma h. superior vena cavai. thoracic duct
___ 1. the largest vein in humans
___ 2. the largest lymphatic vessel in humans
___ 3. returns blood to the right atrium
___ 4. protective membrane that surrounds the outside of the heart
___ 5. "hearts" in the earthworm
___ 6. rapid overreaction to a normally harmless antigen
___ 7. the substance that prevents people with type O blood from safely receiving a type A blood transfusion
___ 8. any substance that can cause an immune response
___ 9. the liquid portion of the blood
___ 10. a substance released from some antigen-antibody reactions
______
___ 11. A circulatory system must include all of the following EXCEPT
(1.) a fluid
(2.) the wastes of cellular metabolism
(3.) a pumping organ
(4.) a network of tubes or body spaces
___ 12. The function of valves in the human circulatory system is to
(1.) stimulate the heartbeat
(2.) prevent the backward flow of blood
(3.) accelerate the flow of blood
(4.) serve as a cushion to prevent friction
___ 13. Which is the CORRECT flow of blood in the human?
(1.) right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery
(2.) right atriumleft atrium pulmonary artery
(3.) left ventricle pulmonary artery aorta
(4.) left ventricle left atrium aorta
___ 14. During systole of the heartbeat cycle
(1.) the heart muscle relaxes
(2.) the semilunar valves close
(3.) the A-V valves open
(4.) blood flows into the pulmonary artery
___ 15. All of the following are essential for clotting EXCEPT
(1.) vitamin K (2.) prothrombin
(3.) platelets (4.) heparin
___ 16. Many one-celled, colonial, and simple multicellular organisms rely on which of the following transport mechanisms?
(1.) open circulatory system
(2.) simple circulatory system
(3.) closed circulatory system
(4.) diffusion and active transport
___ 17. Which statement about capillaries is INCORRECT?
(1.) They are microscopic.
(2.) Every cell in the body is near one.
(3.) They join to form larger vessels.
(4.) They are found in every organism.
___ 18. The grasshopper's circulatory system
(1.) is an open system
(2.) contains hemoglobin
(3.) does not contain blood
(4.) does not contain vessels
___ 19. Blood pressure
(1.) is not affected by cholesterol levels
(2.) is lower in veins than in arteries
(3.) drops a great deal when traveling though arteries
(4.) is higher during diastole than systole
Use the diagram of the human heart to answer questions 20–25.
___ 20. Which of the following structures is the rightventricle?
(1.)4(2.)6
(3.)8 (4.)10
___ 21. Which of the following is the mitral (bicuspid)valve?
(1.) 3 (2.) 5 (3.)7 (4.) e
___ 22.Which of the following structures transportsblood from the lungs to the heart?
(1.) 1 (2.) 2 (3.) 3 (4.) 11
___ 23. Which of the following vessels supplies thecoronary circulation?
(1.)1 (2.) 2 (3.) 3 (4.) 11
___ 24. Which of the following is a CORRECT sequence of blood flow?
(1.) 4,3, systemic circulation, 2, 8
(2.) 6, 1, systemic circulation, 11, 10
(3.) 8, 2, systemic circulation, 3, 4
(4.) 10,11, systemic circulation, 2, 8
___ 25. Which of the following groups all transport oxygenated blood?
(1.) 1,2, 8, and 10(2.) 1,3,4, and 6
(3.) 2,3, 8, and 10(4.) 2, 8,10, and 11
___ 26. Swollen lymph glands may indicate
(1.) an infection
(2.) high blood pressure
(3.) varicose veins
(4.) an irregular heartbeat
___ 27. All of the following statements about erythrocytes are correct EXCEPT
(1.) They transport oxygen.
(2.) They are the most numerous of blood cells.
(3.) They are produced primarily in the spleen.
(4.) They are disc-shaped.
___ 28. The protein that is important in the clotting of blood is
(1.) albumin (2.) globulin
(3.) fibrinogen (4.) interferon
___ 29. What is the advantage of a transfusion using plasma rather than whole blood?
(1.) Plasma can carry more oxygen.
(2.) Plasma provides greater defense against infection.
(3.) Plasma does not require typing.
(4.) Plasma is extracted from universal donors.
___ 30. An individual who has had the measles will rarely get the illness again because of the presence of
(1.) inborn immunity
(2.) passive acquired immunity
(3.) active acquired immunity
(4.) maternal immunity
___ 31. A safe blood transfusion would most likely be
(1.) AB donor with A recipient
(2.) A donor with O recipient
(3.) B donor with A recipient
(4.) A donor with AB recipient
___ 32. Rh factors are found on the surface of
(1.) platelets (2.) leukocytes
(3.) lymphocytes(4.) erythrocytes
___ 33. Which of the following are strands that trap erythrocytes and form blood clots?
(1.) fibrinogen (2.) fibrin
(3.) fibroblasts (4.) thrombin
___ 34. A heart attack can be caused by a(n)
(1.) fibroblast (2.) embolus
(3.) immune response (4.) anemic condition
___ 35. Interferon protects an organism from infection by
(1.) producing antibodies that destroy bacteria
(2.) stimulating phagocytosis in leukocytes
(3.) stimulating enzyme production that blocks virus reproduction
(4.) inhibiting the release of histamines
___ 36. An example of an autoimmune disease is
(1.) lupus (2.) hemophilia
(3.) anemia (4.) leukemia
___ 37. Bone marrow, lymphocytes, and lymph nodes are examples of
(1.) first-line defenses
(2.) second-line defenses
(3.) third-line defenses
(4.) fourth-line defenses
___ 38. HIV is a
(1.) T cell(2.) blood type
(3.) pathogen (4.) lymphocyte
___ 39. Which statement about passive immunity is CORRECT?
(1.) It is slow-acting.
(2.) It is only temporary.
(3.) The body produces its own antibodies.
(4.) It cannot help infants.
___ 40. AIDS can be spread
(1.) through sexual contact
(2.) through blood-to-blood contact
(3.) during pregnancy
(4.) through all of these methods
___ 41. Hemoglobin is found in the blood of humans andearthworms, but not in the blood of grasshoppers. Whichconclusion is best supported by this statement?
(1.) The human and the earthworm have lungs, but thegrasshopper does not have lungs.
(2.) The human and the earthworm transport far moreoxygen with their blood than the grasshoppertransports with its blood.
(3.) The human and the earthworm have open circulatorysystems, but the grasshopper has a closed circulatory
system.
(4.) The human and the earthworm are adapted foranaerobic respiration, but the grasshopper is adaptedfor aerobic respiration.
___ 42. Which part of human blood transports hormones andnutrients?
(1.) plasma(2.) platelets
(3.) red blood cells(4.) white blood cells
___ 43. Structures specialized for returning blood to the heart are known as
(1.) capillaries(2.) arteries
(3.) veins(4.) bronchioles
___ 44. What is a major difference between red blood cells andwhite blood cells?
(1.) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, but white bloodcells do not.
(2.) Red blood cells can move, but white blood cells cannot.
(3.) Red blood cells contain nuclei, but white blood cellsdo not.
(4.) Red blood cells engulf foreign bacteria, but whiteblood cells do not.
___ 45. The lack of which blood component interferes most with the transport of oxygen in humans?
(1.) white blood cells (2.) platelets
(3.) red blood cells (4.) antibodies
___ 46.Which part of the blood is correctly paired with its function?
(1.) platelets - transports wastes and hormones
(2.) white blood cells - produce antibodies
(3.) red blood cells - fight infection
(4.) plasma - carry oxygen
A photograph of a slide of human blood taken from a healthy individual is shown below.Use this photograph to answer questions 47 and 48 which follow.
___ 47.Which statement best describes the change that would be observed if the slide contained blood from an individual with anemia?
(1.) Cell type A would be larger in size and darker in appearance.
(2.) Cell type B would be larger in size and greater in number.
(3.) Cell type A would be fewer in number and larger in size.
(4.) Cell type B would be fewer in number and lighter in appearance.
___ 48.What kind of blood cell is the cell labeled B in the diagram?
(1.) red blood cell(2.) platelet
(3.) phagocyte(4.) lymphocyte
___ 49.A pulse can be detected most easily in
(1.) a vein (2.) an artery
(3.) a capillary(4.) a lymph vessel
___ 50. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this disease again. This situation is an example of
(1.) biological control(2.) negative feedback
(3.) active immunity(4.) passive immunity
___ 51. Which substances produced in the body are directly responsible for the rejection of a transplanted organ?
(1.) antigens(2.) histamines
(3.) antibodies(4.) excretions
___ 52. The release of histamines within the body is most closely associated with
(1.) rejection of a transplanted organ
(2.) active immunity
(3.) blood clotting
(4.) an allergic reaction
___ 53. Which response usually occurs after an individual receives a vaccination for influenza virus?
(1.) Hormones in the blood inhibit reproduction of the virus.
(2.) Antigens from the vaccine deactivate the virus.
(3.) Enzymes released from platelets hydrolyze the virus.
(4.) Antibodies against the virus form in the blood.
___ 54. Under which circumstances will an antigen-antibody reaction most likely occur?
(1.) A person with type AB is given type B blood
(2.) A person with type O is given type A blood
(3.) A person with type A is given type O blood
(4.) A person with type AB is given type O blood.
___ 55. The resistance of the body to a pathogen is called:
(1.) antigen(2.) cancer
(3.) immunity(4.) infection
___ 56. When a person is suffering from an infection, such as strep throat or chicken pox, her blood usually shows a significant increase in the number of:
(1.) sugars(2.) enzymes
(3.) hormones(4.) antibodies
___ 57. Which structures in human blood contain proteins necessary for the clotting process?
(1.) red blood cells(2.) platelets
(3.) white blood cells(4.) plasma
___ 58. A person who is given an injection containing only antibodies would most likely develop:
(1.) allergies(2.) anemia
(3.) active immunity(4.) passive immunity
___ 59. Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal homeostatic function of the human body is known as
(1.) a disease(2.) a pathogen
(3.) an allergy(4.) a vaccine
___ 60. What is the body’s most important non-specific defense against pathogens?
(1.) tears(2.) mucus
(3.) saliva(4.) skin
___ 61. A substance that triggers an immune response is an
(1.) antibody(2.) antigen
(3.) allergy(4.) antibiotic
___ 62. A non-specific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection is known as
(1.) the inflammatory response
(2.) active immunity
(3.) cell-mediated immunity
(4.) passive immunity
___ 63. Which statement best describes one effect of a fever?
(1.) It increases the growth of a pathogen.
(2.) It decreases the rate of chemical reactions.
(3.) It increases heart rate.
(4.) It decreases the number of white blood cells.
___ 64. White blood cells that can engulf pathogens are referred to as
(1.) antibodies
(2.) antigens
(3.) B cells
(4.) phagocytes
___ 65. Enzymes are similar to antibodies in that both:
(1.) are produced by hormones
(2.) slow the rate of chemical reactions
(3.) are highly specific in their action
(4.) are involved in hydrolysis reactions
___ 66. A technician needed to determine the blood type of four individuals. To do this, the technician set up four slides, one for each individual. The technician placed a drop of antibody A serum and a drop of antibody B serum on each of four slides. The technician mixed a drop of blood from each individual into the anti-A and anti-B serum on a different slide. The results of the four tests are shown below.
Which slide contains blood from the individual who has antigen A, but not antigen B?
(1.) 1(2.) 2(3.) 3(4.) 4
___ 67. When microscope slides are stained to show blood cells, the small red blood cells that appear on the slide are much more numerous than the large white blood cells. This supports the concept that:
(1.) red blood cells are more numerous because they are smaller than white blood cells
(2.) the body’s need for white blood cells is less than its need for red blood cells
(3.) each kind of cell is present in the numbers best suited to meet the needs of the body
(4.) the nuclei of the white blood cells help them work more efficiently
___ 68. Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by:
(1.) platelets(2.) red blood cells
(3.) white blood cells(4.) plasma
___ 69. Whole blood type O may safely be given to people with which types of blood?
(1.) AB and A, only(2.) A, B, AB, and O
(3.) A and B, only(4.) O and B, only
___ 70. What is a major difference between red blood cells and white blood cells?
(1.) Red blood cells contain nuclei, but white blood cells do not
(2.) Red blood cells can move, but white blood cells cannot
(3.) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, but white blood cells do not
(4.) Red blood cells can engulf foreign particles, but white blood cells do not.
___ 71. A person whose blood contains both antigen A and antigen B is classified as having blood type:
(1.) A (2.) B (3.) AB (4.) O
___ 72. Under which circumstances will an antigen-antibody reaction most likely occur?
(1.) A person with type AB is given type B blood
(2.) A person with type O is given type A blood
(3.) A person with type A is given type O blood
(4.) A person with type AB is given type O blood.
Use the following diagram for questions 7374.