Classification and inner disciplinesof Governments
The government is in charge of the administration and regulation of the citizens and constituents it represents, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. It is a political system by which a country or region is managed or controlled. The government is in charge of creating and regulating laws, managing the economy and enforcing policies. The government is composed of three groups: legislators, administrators and arbitrators.
Depending on the particular form, the government generally carries out the desires of the people. Popular forms of government, including democracies and republics, come from the governments of the Romans and the Greeks. The government's job is to determine and implement policy or principles to get a positive outcome.
In places like the United States, the government is in charge of many aspects of daily life, including printing and regulating money, enforcing laws and managing trade both foreign and domestic. The government is also in charge of creating infrastructure, or the system of public works that enable people to live their lives.
More specifically, the government writes and votes on laws, enforces laws and mediates disputes when the law comes into conflict. Legislators are those who write the laws or create legislation. Administrators make sure that the laws are implemented and enforced. Arbitrators are tasked with ensuring that the laws are well understood.The government is often broken up into separate branches in order to best do its job. These branches help the government manage work loads and function more efficiently.
Several classifications and types of government system
Anarchy / Chaos & ruled by nobodyRepublic / Rule of law; constitution
Democracy / Majority rules
Oligarchy / Ruled by Elite Group
Monarchy / Ruled by King or Queen
(1).Ruled by man vs. Ruled by laws
(1.1). Rule by Man
Countries whose citizens are governed by the absolute decisions of the ruler have not necessarily been unhappy. A government whose king or queen rules justly and wisely may enjoy a great deal of legitimacy as long as the ruler's authority is accepted. Sometimes people may accept their leader because they are afraid of the consequences if they don't. In the words of Machiavelli, "It is better to be feared than loved." As long as the feared ruler is seen as bringing about prosperity or protecting the lives of his subjects, it is entirely possible that his people will be happy.
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote political works during the Renaissance. In The Prince, Machiavelli advised his audience that in a system of Rule by Man it was "better to be feared than loved."
An absolute ruler may be accepted because the people believe or accept the idea that God gave him/her the right to rule. This belief is known as divine right, which often has been associated with a monarchy, a form of government in which the power of the king or queen is hereditary. A similar idea legitimized the Chinese emperor, whose rule was threatened if his subjects perceived that he had lost the "mandate of heaven."
Rule by man can also take the shape of an oligarchy, or rule by a few elites whose right to rule is based on possession of wealth, social status, military position or achievement. A little more broadly based rule is by aristocracy (literally, "rule of the highest"), but if the type of government is "rule by man", their decisions are still arbitrary and absolute.
(1.2). Rule by Law
Rule by law exists in any political system in which those with power cannot make up all their own rules, but must follow an established code of law. In ancient times a Byzantine emperor established Justinian's Code, a set of laws named after him that lived on long after he died. We still follow parts of that code today. The Romans were also known for codifying laws, as was Napoleon, Emperor of France, many centuries later.
Napoleon revised the French laws into a single unified code, known as the Code Napoleon. Under the French Empire, the code was implemented throughout Europe. Napoleon is seen in this painting standing next to a copy of the Code written on a scroll.
Today most governments at least claim to be ruled by law. The most common indication is the existence of a written constitution, but the most important question to ask is whether or not the constitution actually is the "blueprint" that determines how and what policies are made. For example, Nigeria officially is a democracy with a written constitution that one dictator after another has ignored. On the other hand, Great Britain has never had a constitution as a single written document, but has for centuries been governed by law. For much of their history, the English had a limited monarchy, or a king or queen who has followed rule of law.
So whether a king can order "off with his head!" depends on the type of government that is accepted in his country. If he sets the rules (rule by man), or if the accepted outside rules allow (rule by law), the victim doesn't have a chance.
(2). Ruled by one man (monarchy) vs.(dictatorship) vs. Ruled by many (democracy)
(2.1). Monarchy
The most common form ofgovernmentfrom ancient times to the early part of the 20th century was monarchy, or rule by a hereditary king or queen. Monarchy passed through three basic stages, varying according to the nation and the political and economic climate. The first stage was that of the absolute monarch. In the Christian part of the world during the Middle Ages, a conflict developed between the pope and the kings who recognized his spiritual authority. The pope wanted to expand thepowerof the church beyond spiritual matters to include the temporal realm. But some kings proclaimed that God had given them the right to rule, and by proclaiming thisdivine rightthey were able to give legitimacy to their reigns and limit the pope'spower.
Limited monarchy was the second stage. Kings depended on the support of the most powerful members of the nobility to retain their thrones. In England and some other Western European countries, the nobility placed limits on thepowerof the ruler to govern. This was done in England, for example, through theMagna Carta. Threatened with the loss of political and financial support, even the strongest kings and emperors had to accept a system of laws that protected the rights and privileges of powerful social and economic classes.
The third stage in the evolution of monarchy was the constitutional monarchy. Present-day monarchs are nearly all symbolic rather than actual rulers of their countries. (A few exceptions can be found in Africa and Asia.) In such monarchies as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Spain, governingpoweris now in the hands of the national parliaments.
Structure of monarchyMajority rule / No
Power resides in / Few individuals
Voting / Yes
Succession / Heritance
Parliament / Absence
Constitution / Absence
Legislature size / Small
Political stable / Unstable
Economic stable / Unstable
Religion / Controlled by ruler
Even if the basic ideologies of these governments match, their structure might differ. When we talking about the structure of a government, the key factor to be considered is with whom the power lies. The decision-making power is both an authority as well as a responsibility. Some of the ways of governing a nation include majority rule, parliament, constitution, etc.
Some of the examples of this category are Corporate republic, Monarchy, Emirate, Constitutional Monarchy, Tyranny. All types of monarchy differ based on the legal structure and the position of monarch in the government system. There are divergent structures that define monarchy. The above are different types of monarchy. Find about each type of monarchy in detail. You can also compare these government systems on the basis of various features like their structure, definition, history, characteristics, popularity, etc.
(2.2). Dictatorship
As a form ofgovernment,dictatorshipis principally a 20th-century phenomenon. The dictator, often a military leader, concentrates politicalpowerin himself and his clique. There is no effective rule of law. The regime may or may not have a distinctive political ideology and may or may not allow token opposition. The main function of a dictatorship is to maintain control of all governmental operations. There have been some cases Indira
Gandhiin India and several military dictatorships in Latin America—in which authoritarian rulers have relaxed their control and have even allowed open elections. In certain Soviet-bloc countries of Eastern Europe dictators were forced frompowerin bloodless coups or voluntarily relinquished their authority to popularly elected officials as Soviet power declined.
The totalitarian dictatorship, as in Nazi Germany, Communist China, and the former USSR, is much more thoroughgoing. It seeks to control all aspects of national life, including the beliefs and attitudes of its people. It has a set of ideas that everyone is expected to embrace, such as revolutionaryMarxismor counterrevolutionaryfascism. At its most extreme, as during the leadership of JosephStalinin the USSR, thepowerof the dictator may become more absolute than in any of the earlier forms of tyranny. Such grosspowerin the hands of one person results inevitably in the development of what has been called a cult of personality. The leader is credited with almost infallible wisdom, because to admit that he or she may be wrong would deprive the regime of its authority. In some Communist countries the cult of personality appears to have given way to the dominance of a group of party leaders—a ruling oligarchy. The administrative complexities of managing a modern industrial state are too great to be monopolized by an individual leader such as Stalin orMao Zedong(Mao Tse-tung). The successor regime in China, for example, continues to claim infallibility for its policies and doctrines but not for the leaders. Examples of 20th-century dictators in addition to those already mentioned include IdiAmin Dada(Uganda), KemalAtatürk(Turkey), FulgencioBatistaand FidelCastro(Cuba), FranciscoFranco(Spain), SaddamHussein(Iraq), FerdinandMarcos(Philippines), BenitoMussolini(Italy), JuanPeron(Argentina), and AntónioSalazar(Portugal).
(2.3). Democracy
Representativegovernmentin the modern world is based not only on a constitution that provides for it but on the actual rule of law—the assurance that provisions of the constitution will be enforced. It requires that citizens be free to organize competingpolitical parties, engage in politicalcampaigns, and holdelectionsaccording to agreed-upon rules. Democratic governments vary in structure. Two common forms are the parliamentary and the presidential. In the parliamentary form ofgovernment, as in Australia, Britain, Canada, or India, all politicalpoweris concentrated in the parliament orlegislature. The prime minister or premier and the officers of the cabinet are members of the parliament. They continue in office only as long as parliament supports—or has "confidence" in—their policies. In the presidential form ofgovernment, as in France and the United States, the voters elect a powerful chief executive who is independent of the legislature but whose actions are delimited by constitutional and other legal restraints.
Structure of democracyMajority rule / Yes
Power resides in / Few individuals
Voting / Yes
Succession / Elective
Parliament / Present
Constitution / Present
Legislature size / Big
Political stable / Stable
Economic stable / Stable
Religion / Freedom
Even if the basic ideologies of these governments match, their structure might differ. When we talking about the structure of a government, the key factor to be considered is with whom does the power lie. The decision-making power is both an authority as well as aresponsibility. Some of the ways of governing a nation include majority rule, parliament, constitution, etc.
Some of the examples of this category are Democracy, Republic, Direct Democracy, FederalRepublic, Democratic Republic. Types of democracy follow the principles of distribution of power among the people through electorate system. Usually, the forms of governments which follow democracy believe in freedom and rights. The officials are chosen by voting. You can check out the various types of democracy above. You can also compare these government systems on the basis of various features like their structure, definition, history, characteristics, popularity, etc.
(3). Ruled by few (oligarchy) vs. Ruled by none (anarchy)
(3.1). Oligarchy
The political term, oligarchy, comes to English from the Greek with its meaning intact - a form of government run by a small number of people such as wealthy landowners, royalty or powerful military figures. If you say that you can't fight the oligarchy, you mean the leaders of such a place. Sometimes the word refers to the few powerful people in charge of a large company or system. A financial oligarchy might try to block reform.
Every form of government has certain pros and cons. There are many oligarchy advantages and disadvantages which form the basic characteristics of oligarchy.These benefits and demerits affect the nation immensely. The socio-economic stability of a country depends on all these factors.
Advantages of oligarchy: Some benefits of oligarchy help with its growth and development. These advantages or benefits can be described as: Individualism, Self empowerment for people, Voting for all matters
Disadvantages of oligarchy: The disadvantages work against a nation's development. Disadvantages of oligarchy can be elaborated as follows: Complete control with the wealthy, Decisions made by a small group, Racism, Slow process for the system
Oligarchy Structure: oligarchy structure gives an idea about its framework. The structure of oligarchy tells us how the decisions are made, what are the provisions for succession, does this type of government rule by constitution or not, etc. oligarchy does not have Majority Rule. Heritance as well as Elective is the type of succession in oligarchy. Parliament is absentin oligarchy. Constitution is absent in oligarchy.
Structure of oligarchyMajority rule
Power resides in / Few individuals
Voting
Succession / Heritance as well as elective
Parliament / Absent
Constitution / Absent
Legislature size / Small
Political stable / Unstable
Economic stable / Unstable
Religion / Freedom
(3.2). Anarchy
Anarchy |ˈanərkē| noun: A state of disorderDUE to absence or non-recognition of authority. Absence of government and absolute freedom [NOT] of the individual. Lawlessness, nihilism, mobocracy, insurrection, disorder, chaos, mayhem, tumult, turmoil. ORIGIN mid 16th century: via medieval Latin from Greek anarkhia, from anarkhos, from an- ‘without’ + arkhos ‘chief, ruler’.
Anarchy means "without government." At times in the past, some people have concluded that many of man's worse crimes were committed by governments, so they decided that having no government might be a good idea, but this is a mistaken view - as the ancient Greeks stated: "Without law, there can be no freedom," and the Founding Fathers agreed, knowing that some laws would be necessary to protect a civilized society.
Anarchy is a concept that originates in Ancient Greece. The word itself means "without rulers" and refers to a person or society governed by voluntary associations instead of a public form or government. The term is often used in a negative sense to describe lawlessness and disorder in a society. Over the centuries, multiple states tried to use anarchy as their political basis but failed. Examples include England during the English Civil War in the 17th century, France during the French Revolution in the 18th century, Jamaica in 1720, Russia during the Russian Civil War at the beginning of the 20th century, Spain in 1936 during the Revolution led by General Franco, Albania in 1997 and Somalia between 1991 and 2006. The term anarchy is also used for ungoverned communities within a state with a publicly enforced government. Some examples of ungoverned communities include the Kibbutz in Palestine between 1909 and 1948, the Zapatista movement in Mexico, Zomia in Southeast Asia, and SlabCity, a squatted RV desert community in California.
(4). Conclusion
In this long essay, the discussion that is presented is about the inner structure of different types of government though all the forms are not existed around the world. Moreover, to acknowledge about all the forms is so imperative for being aware of how the country is being ruled.
All the forms do not come at a time, one comes; another goes. People when they realize that one system does not work properly were trying to make another form. Sometimes, newer form came into being though the ruler himself/ herself did not know what form it was.