For Each of the Following Abstracts, Identify

Identifying Variables

For each of the following abstracts, identify

1) The independent or predictor variable

2) The dependent or outcome variable

Note: if neither of the above are relevant, identify the variables being observed

Study 1 IV=______DV=______

Different parenting styles strongly affect adolescents= academic performance and success which may, in turn, have long term consequences for overall development. Neglectful parenting styles are associated with maladaptive achievement strategies.

Study 2 IV=______DV=______

Recent research has highlighted the magnitude of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems on college campuses. However, the effects of alcohol use and abuse during the college years on early adult role attainment are not well characterized. Accordingly, this study was designed to prospectively examine relations between alcohol involvement during the college years and early adult educational attainment. Participants (n = 429; 231 women) at low and high risk for the development of alcoholism were recruited at a large midwestern university for a study of alcohol and health during the college years. Alcohol involvement was assessed by self-report and structured clinical interview conducted annually for 4 years. Educational attainment was assessed by self-report 6 years post matriculation.

Alcohol involvement demonstrated a modest prospective effect on educational attainment, with a reduced effect observed when analyses controlled for academic aptitude and high school academic achievement. Prior academic achievement moderated the relation between alcohol involvement and educational attainment, such that individual who were higher on secondary school class ranking were more negatively affected by pathologic alcohol involvement than those with lower levels of prior academic achievement. Less consistent evidence was found for prospective relations between alcohol involvement and early adult occupational attainment. These findings indicate a modest role for alcohol involvement in negative educational outcomes, with a more pronounced negative effect of alcohol involvement on educational attainment among those who were high academic performers in high school.

Study 3 IV=______DV=______

Premature infants who hear lullabies while in neonatal intensive care may reap important health and development benefits, according to a number of studies by a music therapy specialist. In a study of 40 premature babies, the average hospital stay was reduced among those who had lullabies sung to them. The reduction was much greater for females (11 days) than for males (2 days), perhaps, according to the investigator, because male babies are less ready to receive auditory stimulation.

Study 4 IV=______DV=______

Television often depicts a version of the world that differs from social reality in several ways. The present study examined the relationship between the amount of TV people watch and their perceptions of their health and weight. Regression analyses showed that, after controlling for their actual level of obesity, health perceptions were negatively related to the amount of time spent watching TV, but for women only. In addition, those who watched a lot of TV tended to see themselves as more overweight than did those who watched less TV. The implications of these findings for the cultivation hypothesis, as well as issues of replication, were discussed.