Exam 4 Review
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Tiffany
Course: / Biol 212 (1)
Instructor: / Powell-Coffman
Date: / 04/20/2011
  1. What is homeostasis? How does the human body maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels? Explain the role of the pancreas and the liver. In addition, explain the affect of Type I and Type II diabetes on this process.

Circulatory system structure / function
arteries
veins
red blood cells
white blood cells
capillaries
alveoli
  1. Where are red blood cells generated?
  1. Write the equation for CO2 transport in blood. In what form is the majority of CO2 in blood? What relative amount is bound to hemoglobin?
  1. Why can steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane? What types or hormones can’t pass through the plasma membrane? Give an example.
  1. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? List 3 evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction and 3 evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction.

Exam 4 Review
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Tiffany
Course: / Biol 212 (1)
Instructor: / Powell-Coffman
Date: / 04/20/2011
  1. How is sex determined genetically in mammals?

Step 1:

Step2:

  1. Spermatogenesis:

During early development, ______primordial germ cells are set aside. They migrate to the somatic tissues of the ______, where they undergo mitosis and become ______. These stem cells will undergo meiosis, generating 4 haploid ______, which will differentiate into 4 ______sperm cells.

  1. Oogenesis:

As with spermatogenesis, during oogenesis diploid primordial germ cells are set aside during early development. These cells will migrate to the somatic tissue of the ______, where they will undergo mitosis and become ______(singular: oogonium). The oogonia will divide mitotically in the embryo and form primary ______(aka eggs), which will begin meiosis and then will be stopped in prophase I of meiosis. The female will have these eggs at birth and the number of eggs she has will decrease in number throughout her life.

  1. Describe the role of the following hormones in the ovarian and uterine cycles:

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Produced by:
Targets:
Leutenizing hormone (LH)
Produced by:
Targets:
Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Produced by:
Targets:
Estradiol
Produced by:
Targets:
Progesterone
Produced by:
Targets:
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Produced by:
Targets:
Exam 4 Review
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Tiffany
Course: / Biol 212 (1)
Instructor: / Powell-Coffman
Date: / 04/20/2011
  1. Describe epinephrine. What is it secreted by and what affect does it have on different tissues of the body?
  1. What is the difference between a totipotent and a pluripotent cell? Give examples of both
  1. What are the three embryonic germ layers?Give examples of tissues derived from each of these three layers.
  1. How can two daughter cells have different fates? Explain 2 mechanisms
  1. Describe the Spemann/Mangold transplant experiments. What was the conclusion made about the organizer tissue?
  1. Describe the function of the following structures in transmitting a signal across a synapse:

Ca++ channels
neurotransmitter (such as Ach)
Receptor

  1. If the intracellular concentration of Na+ is 15 mM and the extracellular concentration is 150mM what would happen if Na+ channels in the plasma membrane were opened? If the intracellular concentration of K+ is 140mM and the extracellular concentration of K+ is 5mM what would happen if K+ channels were opened?
  1. How is a long distance signal sent through the nervous system? How is an action potential propogated across an axon?

Exam 4 Review
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Tiffany
Course: / Biol 212 (1)
Instructor: / Powell-Coffman
Date: / 04/20/2011
  1. After acteylcholine is exocytosed from vesicle in the synaptic terminal of a somatic motor neuron into the synaptic cleft, what affect does this have on muscle contraction? Explain the process.
  1. True or False. If false, indicate why.

T or FThe skin is an example of innate immunity.

T or FB cells and T cells are part of acquired immune

response

T or FThe innate immune response is characterized by distinguishing self from non-self and having immunological memory

T or FAcquired immunity is found only in vertebrates

T or FB cells and T cells are cells capable of phagocytosing a pathogen into a vesicle, which will fuse with a lysosome and be degraded by enzymes.

T or FLeukocytes are white blood cells and include cells involved in immune response, while erythrocytes are red blood cells with roles in gas exchange.

T or FEosinophils are the most abundant phagocytic cells in the mammalian body. They detect signals from infected tissues and will leave the circulatory system to attack!

T or FDuring an inflammatory response, damaged tissues will attract mast cells, which will release histamine. Histamine causes blood vessels to contract.

T or F B cells and T cells are differentiated from stem cells in bone marrow. The B cells stay in bone marrow and T cells migrate to the thymus. The genomes of these cells are rearranged during development and are a clear exception to the theory of genomic equivalence.