Here is a bare-bones outline for what we have covered since the last exam, for Exam 3. I consider it inclusive ONLY in that anything you have in your notes probably fits under one of the headings I have provided. Never use an outline as an excuse not to study some stuff, its more to give you an idea of overall what we’ve gone over and how things fit together.
Also note: I went ahead and wrote the chapters that each lecture corresponds to. However, be aware that there is plenty of information in the book that we didn’t discuss in lecture, especially lectured for Ch. 14 and 15. Try to do your best with what you need to know from the book and lecture handouts…don’t neglect them, but try to use the lecture notes as a guideline for what you need to know from the book and lecture notes.
Cloning (Ch. 13)
· Cloning = genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms all derived from a single ancestor
o Organisms (reproductive cloning), 2 methods
§ Embryonic splitting
§ Nuclear transfer
o Cells (therapeutic cloning)
§ Embryonic splitting
o Molecules (DNA, proteins
§ Isolated using Northern, Southern, Western blotting
· Understand the steps in these techniques (gel electrophoresis, probes,…), how the 3 differ, and what exactly you use these techniques for (isolating DNA or proteins of interest)
§ Cloned using plasmids (pg. 299)
· Genomic libraries, cDNA libraries (how to make ‘em, whats the difference)
Biotechnology (Ch. 14)
· RFLP
· cDNA arrays
· satellite DNA
· DNA fingerprinting
Gene mapping (Ch. 15)
· X-chromosome
· 3-pt. testcross
· Somatic hybrids
· DNA sequencing
o Human Genome Project
Cancer (Ch. 12)
· Statistics/Incidence in humans
· Definition
o Unregulated cell proliferation
o Clonal in origin
o Usually not hereditary
· Stages in development
o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
· Harold & Varmus experiment
o Big picture: they discovered that oncogenes (mutated forms of genes we already carry) cause cancer
o Understand the steps in this experiment (RNA virus, chickens, EGFR)
· Oncogenes
o p53, Rb, p16, etc…
o What function does the gene normally have (as a proto-oncogene)?
o How do these fit into the various stages of development of cancer?
Immune system and genes (Ch. 17)
· I can’t provide an outline for this lecture. Please take EXTRA careful notes on Tuesday’s lecture and ASK tons of questions to Dr. Sanders if he says something that doesn’t make sense to you…you only have 2 days to process this lecture before the exam, realize that most of what will be on the exam on this topic comes from Dr. Sander’s lecture, probably less from Paul’s lecture, so take careful notes Tuesday (Dr. Sander’s said he’ll review what Paul talked about), and also look at the old exams to get an idea of what from the lecture might be asked about on the exam.