Focus on Three Things: the Classics, Individual, and Secularism

Chapter 12 Review

Terms to know: Renaissance, the Papal States, Machiavelli’s The Prince, Petrarch, Johannes Gutenberg, High Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Ferdinand and Isabella, Spanish Inquisition, the Habsburgs, Constantinople and 1453, John Wyclif and John Hus

Renaissance: Means rebirth, referring to the rebirth of classical society (Greek). This occurred from roughly 1350-1600 (although many historians argue these dates) It was centered in Italy but gradually spread to the rest of Europe

-  Focus on three things: The Classics, Individual, and Secularism

-  Divides society into 3 estates (1st clergy, 2nd Nobles, 3rd estate workers and peasants

-  Medici family in Florence helps with Milan, Venice contributing

The Papal States: Central Italy

-  Where the Medici had turned the agricultural Florence into a booming center the Papal States were losing their influence.

-  Catholic controlled portion of Italy around Rome

-  Losing control with the Papacy residing in their new kingdom of Avignon and Great Schism (two popes Clement VII and Urban VI)

Machiavelli’s The Prince: States that it is better to be feared than loved. Pg350

-  Pg 348 cynical view of human nature

-  Pragmatic advice (advice given with historical reference to past and cause, practical)

-  He had lost his political power in Italy

Petrarch: Father of Humanism and thought well of himself “when the greatest kings had me I was not their guest they were mine”

-  Characterized the middle ages as a dark age

-  Studied classical works

-  Works pg. 351

Gutenberg: Created the movable type printing press

-  Helped with the spread of literature

-  Especially important in promoting the Reformation

Da Vinci/High Renaissance/Michelangelo: All prominent together in the early 1500’s

-  Da Vinci made the Last supper, idealism, proportional figures, glorification of body, Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man

-  Michelangelo made the Sistine Chapel portraits of the Genesis, Idealistic David

-  Rafael made the School of Athens

Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition: Help the unification of Spain

-  Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile join kingdoms

-  Devout Catholics

-  Inquisition forced out minorities of Jews and Muslims and enforced uniformity of Catholicism

-  Sent Columbus

Hapsburgs: In charge of the Holy Roman Empire (Charles’)

-  Claimed that matrimony was a superior foreign policy to warfare

-  Used marriage to gain allies and control modern day Germany/Austria

Constantinople 1453: The fall of the Byzantine capitol to the Muslim ruler Mehmet II and Ottomans

John Wyclif and John Hus:

-  Early Christian pioneers

-  Wycliff was English and felt that the Bible was sole authority, upset with clericalism, said bible should be translated into vernacular

-  John Hus wanted the elimination of worldliness, return papacy and diminish power, killed