Chapter 4 Section 1: the Industrial Revolution

Chapter 4 Section 1: The Industrial Revolution

10.3: Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan and the United States

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Contributing Factors
Industrialization Revolution began in Great Britain around 1780 and within 50 years spread to the rest of Europe. Why Britain????????
Britain was producing much more food in the 18th century because agriculture had improved.
More farmland, better transportation, and new crops (potatoes) increased food supply.
More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor.
More abundant food supplies which means the population increased.
1700s parliament passed laws allowing landowners to fence off common lands.
This enclosure movement forced peasants to move to towns to find work.
Britain has a plentiful supply of labor.
Britain had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories need to house them.
Entrepreneurs sought new business opportunities and new ways to make profits.
Natural resources were plentiful! (Water, coal, and iron ore)
Britain has many rivers proving the water power for the steam engine as well as transportation for the raw materials and finished products.
Britain was rich in coal and iron which was necessary for manufacturing
Britain was a free society.
The government did not regulate the economy heavily like other nations and ideas were allowed to circulate freely
Inventors and capitalists felt they had the freedom to act on their ideas
Britain had markets throughout their empire.
Britain had a large navy to protect and transport goods to foreign markets.
Within Britain, the markets were growing since food was cheaper allowing the population to buy more than just bread.
With demand increasing, capitalist had a incentive to find methods to expand production.
Changes in Cotton Production
18th century, Britain leads other countries in making inexpensive cotton goods with a two-step process.
Spinners made thread from raw cotton
Weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms
People performed this work in their rural cottages using this method called a cottage industry.
A series of technological advances in the 18th century made this process outdated.
Invention of the “flying shuttle” made weaving faster
Now weavers needed spinners to produce thread more quickly since they could make cotton faster
1764 James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny which produced more thread quickly
This process became so quick that thread was being produced faster than weavers could use it.
The Water-powered loom by Edmund Cartwright in 1787 allowed the weavers to catch up
It now became more efficient to bring workers to the new machines and have them work in factories near a water source because water powered the machines.
James Watt made the industry more productive with his improvement of the steam engine in 1782 engineering it to drive machinery.
Three developments brought about the Industrial Revolution
Increased demand
Businesspeople had capital to invest
Steam power could be used to spin and weave cotton
Because steam engines were fired by coal, they did not need to be located by water allowing them to be found all over Britain
British Cotton production increased dramatically;
in 1760, 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton were imported,
in 1787, 22 million pounds
By 1840, 366 million points
Factory made cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product and was sold everywhere in the world.
The Coal and Iron Industries
Since the steam engine was critical in the Industrial Revolution, coal was essential to fuel this growth throughout Britain
Coal was underground everywhere throughout Britain.
These new methods aided another important industry- the iron industry.
Like coal, iron ore was throughout Britain and the method of making iron had not changed since the middle ages.
In 1780s, Henry Cort developed a new way to produce better iron in the process called puddling.
Coke, a coal derivative, was used to purify crude iron which created higher-quality iron.
In 1740, 17k tons had been sold, after puddling, 70k tons were sold.
In 1852, Britain produced more iron than the rest of the world combined, 2.7 million tons, which was used to make machines and build railroads
Railroads
In 1804, the first team-powered locomotive ran on an industrial line pulling 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 mph.
They improved and built the Rocket which moved on the first public railway on 1830 between Liverpool and Manchester.
It took 2 hours at 16 mph.
Within 20 years, the speed would triple and by 1850 6k miles of track crisscrossed the country.
Railroads expansion had several effects to the British economy
Building railroads created more jobs
Less expensive transportation of goods making them cheaper
Cheaper goods created more sales
More sales led to more factories.
When factory owners profited, they invested profits into new and better equipment
This relationship led to economic growth
In the old agricultural society, growth was rare and intermittent, in an industrial society, economic growth is permanent.
The New Factories
Factories were first set up near water and powered by mills, new energy allowed factories to be located in cities near workers.
This new industrial economy created a new labor system
With machines being used constantly day and night, workers were forced to work in ships to keep the machines going.
Unlike rural work which has cycles of work then rest, factory owners wanted workers to work without stopping.
Workers were disciplined into a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks.
Late workers were fined or dismissed for misconduct
Child workers were beaten for misconduct
The Spread of Industrialization
Great Britain
Being the first, Britain was the richest industrialized nation producing half the worlds output of coal and manufacturing goods and no other nation matched its cotton industry
Europe
Countries throughout Europe experienced the industrial revolution at different times and speeds.
Countries with more urban areas and a tradition of trade industrialized earlier
Belgium and France industrialized after 1830
Germany was separated into many states and instead of selling goods in a nation market, manufacturing had to face multiple governmental units.
France, Belgium, and the German States, the governments tended to be active in promoting industrialization funding roads, canals, and railroads.
Britain was the opposite and was lead by private entrepreneurs.
Western Europe and the US industrialized first which meant they would become wealthy, powerful nations, and dominated other parts of the world.
Prussia
Early 1830s Prussia was one of the largest German states and created a free trading zone.
This began industrialization but did not transform the economy until 1870 with the unification.
Japan
In 1853, Japan was forced open to trade when Fillmore sent Admiral Perry in his steam-powered ships into Tokyo Harbor.
Many other nations hesitated to change and adopt Western ways but the Japanese government of 1868 decided to copy Western Technology to become stronger.
United States
By 1800, 6 of 7 American workers were farmers and cities were under population of 100k.
Between 1800 and 1860, the population grew from 5 million to 30 million and 9 cities were over 100k and only half worked as farmers.
As manifest destiny took hold convincing Americans to move westward, a national transportation system was vital.
Thousands of miles of roads and canals linked the east to the west
Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat (the Clermont) in 1807.
By 1860 thousands of steam boats plied the Mississippi River and made transportation easier on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast.
The railroad brought the nation together linking it over land
In 1830, 100 miles of track
By 1860, 30k miles of track
The American work force came from the farms of the Northeast were women and girls made up a substantial majority of textile workers
Social Impact in Europe
Growth of Population and Cities
In 1750 the population of Europe was an estimated 140 million but by 1850 it doubled to 266 million.
This increase was due to a decline in death rates, wars, and diseases (smallpox and plague).
Increase in food supply met people were better fed and resistant to disease
Due to industrialization, cities grew throughout Europe especially in Great Britain and Belgium.
Since factories were now located in cities, they were magnets for anyone looking for work.
1800: London’s population grew to 1 million, 6 cities had 50k-100k
1850: London had 2.5 million, nine cities had more than 100k, 18 cities had 50-100k,
This process of urbanization was also seen throughout Europe but Britain saw it the quickest.
Cities grew so quickly basic facilities weren’t able to be built quick enough to maintain the population.
Cities bred dirt and disease as workers crowded into poor housing.
Reformers called for government action but nothing would be done until later in the century.
The Industrial Middle Class
Industrial Capitalism took hold which is an economic system based on manufacturing.
Capitalism before this was to invest in long distance trade for profit.
A new social group emerged known as the industrial middle class.
They were the men who built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were.
Also they were initiative, vision, ambition, and greedy.
The Industrial Working Class
Industrial worker worked from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, half hour lunch and dinner break, and had no minimum wage and there job was also in jeopardy.
These workers lived in horrible conditions in the cotton mills which were hot, dirty and worked with machines without any safety codes.
Coal mines were also harsh and dangerous and lived a daily work day with cave-ins, explosions, and cramped conditions in mines which led to deformed bodies and ruined lungs
In the US, women and children worked in the cotton industry and lived in these same conditions,
The Factory Act of 1833 set 9 years of age as minimum for child labor, children from 9-13 could work 9 hours a day, 13-18 could work 12 hours a day
To meet this decline of workforce, women began working long hours in these factories.
Men were now expected to work outside the home, while women took over running the home
Women continued to add to family income by taking low paying jobs that could be done at home such as washing laundry and sewing
Early Socialism
Reformers who opposed a capitalist system advocated social, an economic system in which society (government) owns and controls important parts of the economy such as factories and utilities.
Socialist blamed industrialization for disrupting family life and the suffering of workers in factories.
In socialist theory, this public ownership of the means of production would allow wealth to be distributed more equally to everyone.
Socialist wanted to replace competition with cooperation,
Books were written that a hypothetical society where workers could use their abilities and where everyone would be cared for in this ideal society.
These people utopian socialist.
Robert Owen believed that if only people lived in a cooperative environment, they would show their natural goodness.
In New Lanark, Scotland, Owens transformed a factory town into a flourishing community.
New Harmony, Indiana was another city this was attempted but failed in the 1820s

Causes / Effects
1. more food for more people
2. factory system based off steam power
3. rise of consumerism /
Industrial Revolution / 1. more and cheaper goods
2. new social class
3. growth of cities
4. short-term suffering for workers
5. long-term improvement of standards of living