FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE – HONORS BIOLOGY – FALL
UNIT 1 – The Science of Biology (Chapter 1)
I. What is Science?
A. Goals & hypothesis
II. How Scientists Work
A. Stages common to scientific investigations
B. Design of a scientific experiment
C. What is a theory?
D. Lab safety rules
III. Studying Life
A. Characteristics of living things
B. How life can be studied at different levels
Vocabulary: biology, cell, cell culture, cell fractionation, compound light microscope, control group, controlled experiment, data, dependent variable, electron microscope, evolution, experiment, experimental group, homeostasis, hypothesis, inference, manipulated (independent) variable, metabolism, metric system, observation, prediction, responding (dependent) variable, science, species, spontaneous generation, stimulus, theory
UNIT 2 – Chemistry of Life (Chapter 2)
I. Nature of Matter
A. Atoms, elements, compounds, bonds
II. Properties of Water
A. Polarity
B. Solutions & suspensions
C. Acids & bases
III.Carbon Compounds
A. Organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
IV. Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
A. How chemical reactions affect chemical bonds
B. Energy changes
C. Why enzymes are important
Vocabulary: acid, activation energy, active site, adhesion, amino acid, atom, base, buffer, carbohydrate, catalyst, chemical reaction, cohesion, compound, covalent bonds, DNA, disaccharide, electron, element, endothermic reaction, energy, enzyme, exothermic reaction, fat, hydrogen bond, ion, ionic bond, isotope, lipid, mixture, molecule, monomer, monosaccharide, neutron, non-polar, nucleic acid, nucleotide, nucleus (atomic), pH scale, polarity, polymer, polysaccharide, product, protein, proton, radioactive isotope, reactant, RNA, solute, solution, solvent, substrate, suspension, van der Waals forces
UNIT 3 – Ecology (Chapters 3, 4, & parts of 5 & 6)
I. What is an Ecosystem?
II. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
A. Food webs versus food chains
III.Ecosystems Cycle Materials
A. Water cycle
B. Carbon cycle
C. Nitrogen cycle
IV. How Organisms Interact in Communities
V. How Competition Shapes Communities
VI. Major Biological Communities
VII. Global Change
A. Ozone hole
B. Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
VIII. Ecosystem Damage
A. Pollutants
B. Population Growth
Vocabulary: abiotic factor, acid rain, age-structure diagram, algal bloom, aphotic zone, aquifer, autotroph, benthos, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycle, biological magnification, biomass, biome, biosphere, biotic factor, boreal forest, carnivore, chlorofluorocarbon, climate, coastal ocean, coevolution, commensalism, community, competition, competitive exclusion principle, coniferous, consumer, coral reef, deciduous, decomposer, demographic transition, denitrification, desert, detritus, detritivore, ecological succession, ecology, ecosystem, energy pyramid, estuary, food chain, food web, fundamental niche, global warming, greenhouse effect, ground water, habitat, heterotroph, herbivore, kelp forest, limiting nutrient, mangrove swamp, mutualism, niche, nitrogen fixation, northwestern coniferous forest, omnivore, ozone hole, parasitism, permafrost, photic zone, phytoplankton, pioneer species, plankton, polar zone, population, predation, primary productivity, primary succession, producers, realized niche, resource, resource partitioning, salt marsh, secondary compound, secondary succession, species diversity, symbiosis, taiga, temperate forest, temperate grassland, temperate woodland & shrubland, temperate zone, tropical dry forest, tropical rain forest, tropical zone, transpiration, trophic level, tundra, weather, wetland, zooplankton
UNIT 4 – Cell Structure & Function (Chapter 7)
I. Life is Cellular
A. Cell Theory
B. How cells are studied
C. Compare prokaryotes to eukaryotes
II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
A. Cell Nucleus
B. Cell Organelles (structure & function)
C. Cytoskeleton
III.Cells Boundaries
A. Structure & function of cell membrane and cell walls
B. Diffusion
C. Osmosis, facilitated diffusion & active transport (sodium-potassium pump, endo- & exocytosis)
Vocabulary: active transport, carrier protein, cell membrane, cell specialization, cell theory, cell wall, central vacuole, centriole, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cilia, concentration, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, diffusion, endocytosis, endoplasmic reticulum, equilibrium, eukaryote, exocytosis, facilitated diffusion, flagella, Golgi apparatus, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, ion channel, isotonic solution, lipid bilayer, lysosome, magnification, mitochondrion, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleus (cell), objective lens, ocular, organ, organ system, organelle, osmosis, passive transport, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, phospholipid, prokaryote, receptor protein, resolution, ribosome, SEM,sodium-potassium pump, TEM, tissue, vacuole, vesicle
UNIT 5 – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Chapters 8 & 9)
I. ADP & ATP
II. Photosynthesis
A. Light reactions
B. Calvin Cycle
III.Cellular Respiration
A. Glycolysis & fermentation
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport chain
Vocabulary: aerobic, alcoholic fermentation, anaerobic, ATP, ATP synthase, autotroph, calorie, Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide fixation, carotenoid, cellular respiration, chlorophyll, electron transport chain, FADH2, fermentation, glycolysis, heterotroph, Krebs cycle, lactic acid fermentation, light-dependent reactions, NADH, NADPH, photosynthesis, photosystems, pigment, stroma, thylakoid